一词多义的现象普遍存在,一个单词在不同的语境中有不同的含义。学生对于一些熟悉单词的生僻含义,或者一些多义词在文章中的合适含义,往往较难把握,因此造成阅读困难甚至理解偏差。为帮助学生提高在语境中学习、理解词汇的能力,笔者特此整理了近几年全国卷出现一词多义(熟词生义)的词汇,供教师、学生们作教、学参考。
41.season
【真题原文】
①The season runs June through August, with additional performances in March and September. (2016 全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解A篇)
②First, clean it and season it with your choice of spices(调味). (2016 全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解七选五)
【词义解释】season常见作为名词,意为“季节”,在第一个例句中season为名词,意为“ a period when a set of programmes, plays or musical events are broadcast or performed (一组节目、戏剧或音乐活动的)播出期,上演期;演出季”;在第二个例句中season为动词,意为“If you season food with salt, pepper, or spices, you add them to it in order to improve its flavour. 给……调味;加味于”。
【参考翻译】①上演期从六月到八月,在三月和九月有额外表演。
②首先,将鱼清理干净,并用相应的调料将其调味。
【小试牛刀】
①下周,这部剧将在伦敦开始第二轮演出。
The play opens for a second in London next week.
②我认为在把食物端上餐桌前应该先调味。
I believe in food before putting it on the table.
42.review
【真题原文】Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. (2016 全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D篇)
【词义解释】review常见作为动词,意为“回顾,反思”,在本句中review为名词,意为“a report in a newspaper, magazine, or programme that gives an opinion about a new book, film, etc 评论”。
【参考翻译】研究者们分析了口碑传播方式——电子邮件、帖子、评论及面对面的交谈——发现它更倾向于积极而不是消极,但这并不一定意味着人们更喜欢积极的消息。
【小试牛刀】德里克为报纸写影/剧/书评。
Derek writes for the newspapers.
43.serve
【真题原文】Then, it’s ready to serve. (2016 全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解七选五)
【词义解释】serve常见作为动词,意为“招待(顾客等),服务”,在本句中serve意为“offer (food, drinks, a meal, ect.) for eating and drinking提供、端上(饭菜,食物)”。
【参考翻译】然后,现在准备上菜了。
【小试牛刀】我们开饭吧。谁来上菜呢?
Let’s start the meal. Who is going to ?
44. last
【真题原文】
① I’m sure I was the last person in the world he wanted to accept assistance from. (2016 全国III卷完形填空)
② Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at 30 minutes. (2015 全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B篇)
【词义解释】last 为形容词,常见的意思是“最后的”。在第一个句子中last的意思是“You can use last to indicate that something is extremely undesirable or unlikely.最不想要的;最不可能的”;在第二个句子中last为动词,意为“to continue for a particular length of time持续”。
【参考翻译】
①我确定我是这个世界上他最不想接受帮助的人。
②开始记录(用餐)时间吧,尽量让正餐的时间持续至少三十分钟。
【小试牛刀】
①他是最不可能干这种事情的人。
He would be the person who would do such a thing.
②炎热的天气在六月份持续了整整一个月。
The hot weather for the whole month of June.
45.talk
【真题原文】Our monthly talks start at 19:30 on the first Thursday of each month except August. (2015 全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解A篇)
【词义解释】 talk常见作为动词,意为“谈话,交谈”,在本句中为talk为名词,意为“a speech given to a group of people to teach or tell them about a particular subject演讲;讲座”。
【参考翻译】我们每月一次的讲座在每月的第一个星期四的晚上七点半举办,八月除外。
【小试牛刀】他就他的美国之行举办了一个讲座。
He about/on his visit to America.
46.well
【真题原文】Well before the arrival of freezers, there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering. Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells, and how London’s ice trade grew. (2015 全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解A篇)
【词义解释】 well常见作为副词,意为“好;对;令人满意地”。在第一句话中well为副词,意为“a lot, or to a great degree大大地; 远远地”,well before为固定搭配,意为“很久以前”;在第二句话中well为名词,意为“ a deep hole in the ground from which people take water井”。
【参考翻译】在冰柜出现之前,对冰块在食物的保存和饮食方面有需求量。马尔科姆将会解说引进天然冰块的历史,建造冰井的技术以及伦敦的冰块贸易是如何发展的。
【小试牛刀】他们到达时早过了12 点。
It was after 12 o’clock when they arrived.
47.terribly
【真题原文】The freezing Northeast hasn’t been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter, so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota, Florida, my bags were packed before you could say“sunshine”. (2015 全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解B篇)
【词义解释】 terribly常见的意思为“可怕地; 骇人地”。在本句中terribly意为“ very 很,非常”。
【参考翻译】寒冷的东北地区从来不是度过今年冬天的极其有趣的地方,所以当有机会去佛罗里达州的萨拉索塔度过周末时,在你说出“阳光”之前我就将行李打包好了。
【小试牛刀】上周六没有见到你,她感到非常遗憾。
She not to have seen you last Saturday.
48.home&stand
【真题原文】But I homed in, with uncertainty, on one particular table at the Brown’s Grove Farm’s stand, full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist. (2015 全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解B篇)
【词义解释】 home常见作为名词和副词,意为“(在)家”。在本句中home为动词,意为“to aim at sth. and move straight towards it朝向, 移向,导向(目标)”。home in on sth.为固定搭配,意为“对准并靠近(某事物或地方)”;stand常见意为“站立”,在此处为名词,意为“a table or small structure used for selling or showing things 货摊,摊位”。
【参考翻译】但是迟疑之中,我还是走向了布朗的格鲁夫农场摊位的一张桌子,上面摆满了新鲜的、柔软的、和我拳头一般大小的西红柿。
【小试牛刀】蝙蝠能凭借某种“雷达”对准昆虫飞去。
The bat can insects using a kind of “radar”.
49.draw
【真题原文】The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities (无限). (2015 全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解C篇)
【词义解释】 draw常见的意思为“画,绘画”。在本句中draw意为“to attract attention or interest 吸引,引起(兴趣、注意)。
【参考翻译】这次展览展示了达利如何在两个无限之间吸引观看者。
【小试牛刀】他很擅长演讲,总能吸引大批的听众。
He’s an excellent speaker who always a crowd.
50.some
【真题原文】The customers — some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session — are quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论). (2015 全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D篇)
【词义解释】 some常见的意思为“一些,有些”。在本句中some放在数字前,意为“used before a number to mean approximately; about大约”。
【参考翻译】顾客们——大约30位每个时段只付不到两美元(包含酒水)的巴黎人——很快就高谈阔论起来。
【小试牛刀】有大约三十个参加葬礼的人。
There are who attended the funeral.
51.regular
【真题原文】“There’s a strong need in Paris for communication,” says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church. (2015 全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D篇)
【词义解释】regular常见作为形容词,意为“有规律的,定期的”。在本句中regular为名词,意为“a customer who often goes to a particular shop / store, pub, restaurant, etc.常客”。
【参考翻译】“在巴黎,人们对交流有着强烈的需求,”La Chope咖啡店的一位常客莫里斯•弗里希说到,他是附近一座教堂的宗教导师。
【小试牛刀】他是玫瑰王冠酒吧馆的常客之一。
He’s one of the at the Rose and Crown pub.
52.relative
【真题原文】I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit. (2015 全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解A篇)
【词义解释】relative常见作为形容词,意为“有关的,相关的”。在本句中relative为名词,意为“a member of your family家人;亲属,亲戚”。
【参考翻译】我让我的亲戚在我生日时给我钱而不是很多不合身的衣服。
【小试牛刀】她所有的近亲/远亲都来参加她的婚礼了。
All her came to the wedding.
参考答案:
41. ①season;②seasoning
42. film/theatre/book reviews
43. serve
44.①last;②lasted
45. gave a talk
46. well
47. was terribly sorry
48. home in on
49. draws
50. some thirty people
51. regulars
52. close/distant relatives
【转载】百试乐英语,原作者彭可勇 李华军。