动词后加-ing的规则
1.英语动词加-ing,通常是在原形词尾直接加-ing构成:
cough—coughing,climb—climbing,stand—standing
2.以-e结尾的动词
(1)如果动词原形以一辅音加一不发音的-e结尾,一般应去掉e再加ing:
write—writing,,owe—owing,cure—curing ,plane—planing, breathe—breathing
pace—pacing,starve—starving,ease---easing
(2)以-ie结尾的动词应先将e去掉,将i变成y然后再加-ing:
die—dying,tie—tying, lie—lying
(3)以-ee,-oe,-ye结尾的动词加-ing时应保留词尾e:
see—seeing,flee—fleeing,free—freeing,agree—agreeing,
hoe—hoeing, dye—dyeing,eye—eyeing
(4)以-ue结尾的动词大多应先去e再加-ing:
argue----arguing,rescue—rescuing,,barbeque—barbequing,
pursue—pursuing, value(定价)—valuing,
有时,词尾e可去掉也可保留: glue—gluing/glueing,
blue—blueing/bluing,true—truing/trueing,clue—clueing/cluing queue—queueing/queuing,3.以一元音加一辅音结尾的动词
(1)如果动词最后一音节为重读闭音节,最后一个字母需要重复: run—running,
stop—stopping, hop—hopping, plan—planning,star—starring,
control—controlling但辅音x是个例外,无需重复(x其实起着两个辅音的作用):
tax—taxing,relax—relaxing
(2)如果动词最后一个音节为次重读音节,最后一个字母有时也重复:
kidnap—kidnapping或kidnaping,program—programming或programing
(3)如果动词最后一个音节为非重读音节,最后一个字母大多无需重复:
open—opening,offer—offering,audit—auditing
但在有些动词中,重复或不重复均可:
worship—worshiping或 worshipping,focus—focusing或 focussing,
cancel—canceling或cancelling,travel—traveling或travelling
以非重读的-el结尾的动词加-ing时,英国英语习惯于重复词尾l,而美国英语则习惯于不重复1。
4.若动词以一元音加一半元音(y或w)结尾,可直接加-ing:
pay—paying,destroy—destroying , throw—throwing, employ—employing
5.以-ic结尾的动词应先在字母c后加一字母k再加-ing:
panic—panicking,picnic—picnicking,traffic—trafficking (进行交易,做买卖 )
这主要是为在动词后加-ing之后保留/k/这个音。若不在字母c后加字母k而直接加-ing,字母 c的发音就不再是/k/,而是/s/:
其实,保持发音不变是英语中的一条一般规则。再如,在-ing前面无论是增加、保留还是去掉一个字母,都倾向于保留原先的长元音或短元音的发音:
hoping与hopping staring与starring planing与planning