Lesson 6 Percy Buttons
【New words and expressions】（4）
beggar n. 乞丐
food n. 食物
pocket n. 衣服口袋
call v. 拜访，光顾
★beggar n. 乞丐
beg v.乞求
I beg your pardon?
beg for 乞求得到
ask for 请求得到（ask sb. for sth. 向某人索要某物）
★food n. 食物（不可数）
a lot of food
★pocket n. 衣服口袋
inner pocket 内口袋；jacket pocket 夹克的口袋；coat pocket 大衣口袋
pocket book 袖珍书；pocket dictionary 袖珍词典
pocket pick 车上的小偷
pocket money (小孩的)零花钱
change 零钱
get exact change 准备好正确的零花钱
beer money (男人的)零花钱
★call v. 拜访, 光顾
① vt.&vi. 叫，喊
I heard someone calling.
call out =shout 大声喊
② vt. 呼唤，召唤
Lucy is sick. Please call a doctor.
③ vi. 访问，拜访；（车、船等）停靠
Amy called (at our house) yesterday.
The train calls at large stations only. 这列火车只停大站。
call on sb. 拜访某人
I will call on you. 我要去你家。
call at+地点＝visit someplace 拜访某地
I will call at your home. 我要去你家。
④ vt.&vi. 打电话
call sb =call up sb. 给某人打电话
call back 回某人电话
Can you take a message for me? =Can you tell him to call back?
call in sb. 招集和邀请某人
For the project, the government called in a lot of experts.
【Text】
I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street. Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door. He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer. In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs. I gave him a meal. He ate the food and drank the beer. Then he put a piece of cheese in his pocket and went away. Later a neighbour told me about him. Everybody knows him. His name is Percy Buttons. He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.
参考译文
我刚刚搬进了大桥街的一所房子. 昨天一个乞丐来敲我的门, 问我要一顿饭和一杯啤酒. 作为回报, 那乞丐头顶地倒立起来, 嘴里还唱着歌. 我给了他一顿饭. 他把食物吃完, 又喝了酒. 然后把一块乳酪装进衣袋里走了. 后来, 一位邻居告诉了我他的情况. 大家都认识他, 他叫珀西.巴顿斯. 他每月对这条街上的每户人家光顾一次, 总是请求给他一顿饭和一杯啤酒.
【课文讲解】
1、Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door.
★knock v. 敲门
① vi. 敲门
I knocked, but no one answered.
knock at 敲（门、窗等）
knock at the door；knock at the window
② vt.&vi. 碰撞
You always knock things off the table. 你总是碰掉桌上的东西。
Jim was knocked over by a bus this morning. 今天上午吉姆被一辆公共汽车撞倒了。
She has knocked a cup over again. 她又碰倒了一个杯子。
③ vt. 把（某人）打成……状态
He knocked Tom out yesterday. 他昨天把汤姆打昏过去了。
④ 与off连用时有一些特殊含义，一般用于口语
vt. （价格上）减去，除去，打折扣
They knocked five dollars off the price of the coat.
The shop assistant knocked 10% off the bill.（He reduced the price by 10%.）
vi. 下班，停止，中断（工作等）
When do you usually knock off? 你一般什么时候下班？
He knocked off for lunch at half past eleven. 他十一点半休息吃中午饭。
2、He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer.
ask (sb.) for sth =request for sth. 问某人要什么东西
（for为了这个目的去请求某人, sb.更多的时候不出现, ask for sth.）
The boy asked (his parents)for money again/once more.
3、In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs.
in return for this 作为对……的回报，作为交换（this 在代词当中常常指代上文的一件事情）
I'll buy a present for him in return for hospitality. （hospitality adj. 热情）
in return 作为回报
You lent me this interesting book last month. In return (for it), I’ll show you some picture books.
In return for your help, I invite you to spend the weekend with my family.
He doesn't want anything in return. 他不想得到任何回报
stood on his head 倒立
stand on one's hands 用手着地(hand单数就是一只手, 双手复数)
stand on one's knees 跪着, 膝盖
lie on one's back 仰面躺着
lie on one's side 侧躺
lie on one's stomach 趴着
4、Later a neighbour told me about him.
介词about可以和一些动词连用，以表示“关于……（的）”、“涉及……（的）”
Please tell me about the accident.
tell sb. about sth. 告诉某人某事（about关于, 通过其他事自己得出的结论）
tell you about him
tell you about the word 解释这个单词的意思
tell sb. sth. 告诉某人某件事(把事情直接告诉)
tell you the news
tell you the word 直接告诉这个单词
5、Everybody knows him.
everybody作为主语一定作单数看待, 属于不定代词
所有的不定代词作为主语一律为单数看待 : somebody，anybody，everything等
6、He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.
calls at 光顾，拜访
in the street（英国）/on the street（美国）
once a month 一个月一次, 单位表达方式
once adj. 表示每……一次（表示频率时后面直接加表示时间的名词）, 计量单位 “/” （每……）
five kilometers an hour
He goes back to the South once a year.
【Key structures】
A, The and Some
当表示不确定的某个人或物时，用不定冠词a/an（单数, 可数名词）；当表示不可数的名词时，则需要由不定冠词加量词组成词组。
在表示一种笼统概念（某某一类/一种东西）的陈述句中可以省略a和some
A tiger is a dangerous animal.
Tigers are dangerous.
Salt is necessary for/to us all.
表示某个确定的人或事物或者上文已提到过的人或事物，则要用定冠词the（有时相当于this/that/these/those）,可数名词单/复数或不可数名词均可。
在姓名、地名、国名（非复合词）以及月份、星期等前面不加任何冠词。
a和the的区别：a是泛指, a man；特指, the man
在文章当中第一次出现名词的时候往往用a和an修饰, 第二次出现的时候用the
A man is walking towards me. The man is carrying a parcel. The parcel is full of meat.
I have just drunk a glass of milk. Milk is very refreshing.
I ate an apple. Apples are delicious.
She always buys flour, sugar and tea at the grocer's.
一般姓名前一般不能加冠词，表示“某某一类人当中, 具有这种特征当中的一个”，加不定冠词a
a Mr. Zhang 张先生这类人
【Special Difficulties】
短语动词
某些动词的后面加上介词或副词以后就会改变词义, 这种新的组合称作短语动词
put v. 放
put on 穿上，戴上
tak v. 拿走
take off 脱掉，摘掉
look v. 看
look at 看；look for 寻找；look after 照顾；look out 当心；look out of 向外看
call
call at；call on；call in；call back；
call for 去取某物, 去接某人；需要
The problem calls for immediate action. 这个问题需要立即采取行动
knock v. 敲
knock at 敲门
knock off 下班
He knocked off earlier.
knock off 打折
Knock 10% off the price.
把……撞倒，如果有地点，用介词off；无地点，用介词over
knock sth. off+地点
knock the vase off the table
I knocked the boy off the bicycle.
knock over
A car knocked the boy over.
knock out 打晕, 在拳击场合中, 把人打倒在地叫knock out(专用术语)
He did not know how to fight, but he knocked the boxer out.
【Multiple choice questions】
5 A neighbour told me about him. He ___d___ Percy Buttons was a beggar.
a. told b. said me c. told to me d. said
He says + 句子；He says +that+句子；say to sb.
tell sb. +that+句子
He said to me/He told me 他告诉我
He told me he was a Beggar./He said he was a Beggar.
6 Everybody knows him. ___a___ know him.
a. They all b. Each c. Every d. All they
all of us, we all 我们所有人
every adj. 每一个
every <adj.> +n. 每一个(书, 本, 人等)
every person likes…
each adj.&pron. 每一个
each <adj.> +n；each <pron.>直接作主语或者宾语
each <adj.> person likes.../each <pron.> likes...
every只能是形容词性，强调整体，常用来指一个大的、不确定的数目，不能直接做主语；each既可作形容词，又可作代词，强调个体，常用以一个确定的并通常是有限的数目，在作代词时，直接作主语或宾语，使用第三人称单数
Each child in the school was questioned.
Every child enjoys Christmas.
Each of us has his own work to do.
They each have a share.
7 ___d___ does he call? Once a month.
a. How seldom b. How long c. How soon d. How often
once a month 每月一次, 属于频率
对频率提问 : how often
How often do you visit your mother? 对时间和次数提问
提问多久 : how long
How long do you visit your mother? 对时间提问
提问次数 : how many times
How many times do you visit your mother each month?
how soon 多久以后
How soon will you finish your homework?
8 A beggar is a person who ___a___ .
a. asks for money but doesn't work b. asks for food
c. works hard d. is out of work
out of work 失业
I am out of work./I lose my job.
10 She gave him a piece of cheese. He put the ___a___ of cheese in his pocket.
a. bit b. bar c. block d. packet
a bit of /a piece of 在英文中经常互用
bar 门闩 : 长条状 :
a bar of chocolate; a bar of soap
block n. 房子；块, 一大块；v. 堵塞
packet 一包
12 All the houses in our ___a___ are the same age and size.
a. street b. way c. road d. route
same age and size 同年代同样式
street 两边有房子的街道, 强调城市里的街道
way, on the way, in the way 挡住某人的路(强调方向)
road 路的通称
road home 通往家的路 (张艺谋的影片《我的父亲母亲》的英文名)
route 路线
〖语法精粹〗
1.How can you___B___if you are not ____?
A. listening/hearingB. hear/listening
C. be listening/hearD. be hearing/listening to
如果你不听, 怎么可能听见呢?
listen听/hear听见
2.The girl even won't have her lunch before she__D__her homework.
A. will finishB. is finishingC. had finishedD. finishes
状语从句中, 用一般现在时取代将来时.
3.Those who have applied for the post__A__in the office.
A. are being interviewed B. are interviewing
C. interviewing (光动词+ing不能构成谓语)
D. to be interviewing (不定式不能构成谓语动词)
apply for 申请
interview 面试
在英文中, 只能领导对员工面试，员工只能被面试，动词用被动
4.The old scientist __C___to do more for the country.
A. is wishing B. has been wishing C. wishesD. has been wished
D为被动语态，从语法上说合理, 但不合情
表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时态.
wish sb. to do 希望某人做某事
5.If he___B___,don't wake him up.
A. still sleeps B. is still sleeping
C. still had been sleeping D. will be sleeping still
如果他在睡觉的话, 不要吵醒他
Lesson 7 Too late
【New words and expressions】（13）
detective n. 侦探
airport n. 机场
expect v. 期待，等待
valuable adj. 贵重的
parcel n. 包裹
diamond n. 钻石
steal v. 偷
main adj. 主要的
airfield n. 飞机起落的场地
guard n. 警戒，守卫
precious adj. 珍贵的
stone n. 石子
sand n. 沙子
★detective n. 侦探
detective story 侦探小说
★airport n. 机场
★airfield n. 飞机起落的场地
port 港口；airport 航空港
at the airport 在机场
field 田野；airfield 停机坪
on the airfield 在停机坪上
★expect v. 期待, 等待
① vt.&vi. 预计，预料
Jim has failed in mathematics as his teacher expected.
正如他老师所预料的那样，吉姆数学考试没及格。
② vt. 等待，期待，盼望（心理上的等待）
They are expecting guests tonight. 今晚有人要去他们那里作客。
expect所表示的等待一般暗含着根据某些信息或规律而作出相应反应的意思，而wait for主要接续“等待”这个动作本身。
expect sth.
I expect a letter from Jimmy.
expect sb.to do sth. 期待某人做某事
I expect you to write back.
I expect my mother to come back.
wait for sth./sb. 动作上的等待
I wait for my mother.
③ vt. 认为，猜想（一般用于口语）
I expect so./I think so. 我希望如此［口语］
I expect you’ve heard the news. 我想你已经听到这个消息了。
★valuable adj. 贵重的
★precious adj. 珍贵的
value n.&v. 价值；valuable adj.有价值的
sth.is valuable/sth.is precious
precious adj. 珍贵的（带有一定的感情色彩）
precious photo 珍贵的照片
-less 表否定;
priceless adj. 没有价格的, 无价的
valueless adj. 没有价值, 不足道的
worthless adj. 无价值的
★diamond n. 钻石
diamond ring 钻石戒指
precious stone 宝石；crystal 水晶；jade 玉
★steal（stole，stolen） v. 偷
① vt.&vi. 偷盗，行窃
英语中“偷”用steal和rob来表达，宾语是物，用steal；宾语是人，用rob；跟地点相连，也用rob
steal sth. 偷(某物)
My wallet was stolen.
John never steals. 约翰从不偷东西。
rob sb. 抢(某人)
I was robbed.
rob the bank
② vt. 巧妙地占用，偷偷地弄到手
He has stolen away Mary’s heart. 他已赢得玛丽的芳心。
③ vi. 偷偷地行动，悄悄靠近
He stole into the room. 他悄悄地进了房间。
★main adj. 主要的
main building；main street；main sentence；main idea
main不能与人连用
★guard n. 警戒, 守卫
life guard 救生员
body guard 保镖
keep guard 守望，警戒
They kept a close guard over the thieves. 他们对小偷们严加看管。
stand guard 站岗，放哨
【Text】
The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning. They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamonds from South Africa. A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds. When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield. Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House. While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!
参考译文
飞机误点了, 侦探们在机场等了整整一上午. 他们正期待从南非来的一个装着钻石的贵重包裹. 数小时以前, 有人向警方报告, 说有人企图偷走这些钻石. 当飞机到达时, 一些侦探等候在主楼内, 另一些侦探则守候在停机坪上. 有两个人把包裹拿下飞机, 进了海关. 这时两个侦探把住门口, 另外两个侦探打开了包裹. 令他们吃惊的是, 那珍贵的包裹里面装的全是石头和沙子!
【课文讲解】
1、The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning.
all一般直接加表示时间的单数名词构成副词短语，如：all day，all night，all week，all winter，all year等。但不说all hour。
whole在表达同样的意思时一般要加冠词或数词，如a whole day/year，two whole weeks。
all morning=all the morning
The plane was late 飞机晚(点)了
The bus was late./The train was late.
detectives 没有强调一些侦探或者那些侦探, 强调侦探这种人，笼统感念, 可不加some, the
2、They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamonds from South Africa.
a valuable parcel of diamonds
a cup of tea 强调的是茶
South Africa 南非
3、A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds.
a few hours earlier 几个小时以前
= a few hours before/a few hours ago
would +do 过去将来时,间接方式, 转述, 站在过去看未来
4、When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.
代词others常常和some连用，表示“有些（人）……，也有些（人）……”或“有的……，其余的……”
one…the other… 一个……另一个……
some…others… 一些……另一些……
Some students are very hard-working, others are not.
others=other+名词复数
5、Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House.
take sth. off…=take sth. away from…
and carried it into…carried 表示看得很重
Customs House 海关
6、While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!
…were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.
表面上是分工, 两个动作同时发生, 不是同时开始同时结束, 延续时间不一致, 长一点时间的动作用进行时态, 短时间的动作用过去时.
When someone knocked at the door, I was having dinner.
keep guard 守卫
They kept a close guard over the thieves.
at the door 在门边(固定搭配)
two others=two other detectives
to one's surprise,让某人惊讶的是
To my surprise, the teacher was late.
To one’s +表达人情绪的名词
to one's joy
To my joy, my mother came here yesterday.
to one's excitement
To our excitement, our team wins.
be full of ...装满
My bag was full of books.
The cup is full of water.
【Key structures】
过去进行时
过去进行时的构成：be的过去式+现在分词
过去进行时和一般过去时经常同在一个句子里使用。过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作或情况，一般过去时则表示比较短暂的动作或事件。正在进行中的动作或情况往往由连词when，while，as，just as等引导。
when，while 当……时候（强调动作同时发生）
while+从句, 动词一定是延续性动词
when+延续性动词/瞬间动词
while能用when代替，但是when却不一定能用while代替。while通常只引导持续时间较长的动作，并且主句和从句可以同时用过去进行时，而when和as一般不这么用。
John was watching TV while his wife was talking with a neighbour over the phone.
Just as I was leaving the house, you came in.
when也可以引导比较短暂的动作，while和as则一般不行。
We were having supper when the lights went out.
过去进行时往往与表示一段时间的状语连用，如all morning，all night，all day，all evening，the whole week等，表示这段时间一直在干什么。
What were you doing all evening? I couldn’t find you anywhere.
过去动作同时发生的时态
① 过去两个动作同时发生, 习惯上一个用一般过去时, 另一个用过去进行时；动作长用过去进行时, 动作短用一般过去时; 分工的情况, 动作的开始时间和结束时间几乎相同, 均用过去进行时;
I was listening to the radio, my sister was dancing.
When my mother was doing the housework, my father was watching TV.
② 两个动作在同时段进行, 在不同时间结束, 先发生的动作未结束, 另一个动作发生, 先发生的动作用进行时态, 另一个动作用过去时.
When I was opening the door, the telephone rang.先开门
When the telephone was ringing, I opened the door. 电话先响
③ 瞬间动词（如：arrive）没有进行时态, 所以两个动作同时发生, 延续性动词用进行时态, 瞬间动词使用过去时态.
When he arrived, I was having dinner.
I am arriving 进行时态表示将要
Exercises D
1 As my father ______ (leave) the house, the postman ______ (arrive).
was leaving；arrived(两个瞬间动词同时发生可能性很小, 应具体分析, 故用进行时态表将来)
5 While mother ______ (prepare) lunch, Janet ______ (set) the table.
set the table摆桌子
was preparing；set
【Special Difficulties】
短语动词中的小品词
许多动词加上介词或副词后就会改变词义，这些介词和副词通常被称为小品词。它们没有词形的变化。有些小品词既可以作介词又可以作副词。判断一个小品词是副词还是介词要看小品词有没有带宾语。有宾语的是介词，没有宾语的是副词，介词的位置相对固定，不能变动。
① vi.&vt.+ prep./adv.+宾语(n.)
She is walking up the hill.
② vt.+宾语(n./pron.)+adv.
take off the coat =take the coat off =take it off
put on your shoes =put your shoes on =put them on
I always take money with me.我身上总带些钱
Exercise
11 They have pulled down the old building.
pull down… （pull<vt.>；down<adv.>）
pull one's leg 开玩笑
You are pulling my leg.你开我玩笑
12 Make up your mind.
make up…--->make up one's mind 习惯用法不换,语法上可换
13 He asked for permission to leave.
ask for…-->ask (sb.) for sth. 其实是省略sb.故不可换
【Multiple choice questions】
5 Someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds. This happened ___a___ the plane arrived.
a. before b. after c. when d. as soon as
两个动作先后发生(一个动作结束, 另一个动作才发生)用过去完成时
before 在……之前；as soon as 一……就
9 The parcel was valuable. It was ___c___ .
a. worth b. worthy c. precious d. value
valuable= precious
value n. 价值
worth v. 值得……，后面一定要加词
something is worth…
The book is worth reading. (动名词)
The book is worth three dollars.
worthy adj. 有价值的
be worthy of… 值得……
This book is worthy of being read [to be read]. 这本书值得一读.
acts worthy of punishment 应该受处分的行为
worthless adj. 无价值的
something is worthless(后面不加任何东西)
10 The thieves wanted to ___b___ the diamonds.
a. rob b. steal c. take from d. take to
加something做宾语的一定是steal
Lesson 8 The best and the worst
【New words and expressions】（5）
competition n. 比赛，竞赛
neat adj. 整齐的，整洁的
path n. 小路，小径
wooden adj. 木头的
pool n. 水池
★competition n. 比赛，竞赛（暗地里的竞争）
race n. 比赛，竞赛
car race
match n. 比赛
football match
contest n. 比赛（更广泛）
baby contest 宝宝大赛；beauty contest 选美
game : 游戏, 运动
★neat adj. 整齐的, 整洁的，井井有条
clean adj. 干净的
neat=tidy <adj.>
tidy <v.> (up) the room 整理房间
★pool n. 水池(人工的)
swimming pool 游泳池
pond 池塘（天然的）
《golden pond》—金色池塘
【Text】
Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town. Nearly everybody enters for 'The Nicest Garden Competition' each year, but Joe wins every time. Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's. Bill works harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joe's garden is more interesting. He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool. I like gardens too, but I do not like hard work. Every year I enter for the garden competition too, and I always win a little prize for the worst garden in the town!
参考译文
乔.桑德斯拥有我们镇上最漂亮的花园. 几乎每个人都参加每年举办的 “最佳花园竞赛” , 而每次都是乔获胜. 比尔.弗里斯的花园比乔的花园大, 他比乔也更为勤奋, 种植的花卉和蔬菜也更多, 但乔的花园更富有情趣. 他修筑了一条条整洁的小路, 并在一个池塘上架了一座小木桥. 我也喜欢花园, 但我却不愿意辛勤劳动. 每年的花园竞赛我也参加, 但总因是镇上最劣的花园而获得一个小奖!
【课文讲解】
1、Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town.
Joe's garden is the most beautiful.
Bill's garden is the largest.
Bill’s garden is larger than Joe’s.
（比较的东西都是同类的事物 joe’s 的“’s”不能省略）
2、Nearly everybody enters for 'The Nicest Garden Competition' each year, but Joe wins every time.
nearly和almost意义相似，表示“几乎”、“差不多”、“差点儿”的意思。
I have nearly forgotten his name. 我差点把他的名字忘了。
I’m nearly/almost ready. 我快准备好了。
enter for 报名参加（各种竞赛，考试等活动）
win（won，won） v. 赢
① vi. 赢
I win.
I lose. (输了)
② vt. 赢得……
win something 后面往往是奖品,不能接对手
I win the book.
I win the gold cup.
win a prize 赢得了一个奖
win a prize for… 因为……而获奖
defeat+对手
I defeat you.
3、Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's.
名词加-’s表示所属关系，构成名词的所有格。这类名词往往指有生命的东西，特别是人。所有格的语法作用相当于形容词，限定后面的名词。这个被限定的名词在上下文中第二次被提到时可以省略，只要不引起误解。
4、He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool.
make和build在这里是同义词，“修建，建造”。make的词义比较笼统、广泛，可解释为“做、作出、制造”等，而build主要限于建筑业，指“建造，建设，盖房子，修筑（桥梁）等”
Have you made the skirt by yourself?
They have made a road along the river.
【Key structures】
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
比较级相当于汉语中“比……更……”这种句型，最高级则表示在某个范围“最……”的概念。最高级在使用时前面通常要加定冠词the，并有一个短语或从句限定其范围。
1、比较级和最高级的构成：
① 单音节词和少数双音节词在词尾加-er，-est，以辅音加-y结尾的词变-y为-i，再加-er，-est
② 以-e结尾的词加-r，-st
③ 以一个辅音字母结尾的单音节词要双写最后一个字母，再加-er，-est
④ 三个或者是三个音节以上（多音节）
比较级的构成 : more+原级
最高级的构成 : the most+原级
有一些双音节词既可在单词结尾加-er，-est，也可与more/less和most/least连用，如narrow，clever，common，pleasant等。
clever— cleverer— more clever
fun adj. 快乐
more fun （美国人用）
⑤ 有些构成是不规则的：
good/well(better best)；bad/ill(worse worst)；many/much(more most)；little(less least)；
far(farther further , farthest furthest)
（farther:距离上的远和更远，further:程度上的更进一步）
further more(更有甚者)
old(older elder, oldest eldest)
older 比……大
She is older than somebody
elder 做定语修饰其他名词
elder sister (年长的)姐姐
2、比较级和最高级的用法
在使用比较级时，如果需要把所比较的两项都提到，那么就必须比较级后用than：
My room is cleaner than the one next door.
如果比较级之所指很清楚，它可独立存在：
Which house do you prefer?
I prefer the older one.
最高级的限定范围一般用of，among，in等介词短语；限定范围也可以是从句；如果范围很清楚，则可以省略。
John is the tallest of the three brother.
This is the coldest day in ten years.
Mary is the most intelligent person I’ve ever met.
【Special Difficulties】
every构成的合成词
every和one，body，thing可以构成复合不定代词everyone，everybody，everything。Everyone和everybody一般可以替换使用，后面的代词既可以用单数，也可以用复数，但它们本身均被视为单数。
Everyone/Everybody knows what he has to do.
=Everyone/Everybody knows what they have to do. 每个人都知道自己必须做什么。
Everything is going well. 一切都很顺利。
each和every均可译为“每一个”，两者常可互换。every只能是形容词性，强调整体，常用来指一个大的、不确定的数目，不能直接做主语；each既可作形容词，又可作代词，强调个体，常用以一个确定的并通常是有限的数目，在作代词时，直接作主语或宾语，使用第三人称单数
Every/Each time I wash the car it rains.
Enter and Enter for
enter
① vt.&vi. 进入
enter+地点名词
Always knock on the door before you enter.
② vt.&vi. 参加，加入
We’ve entered into an agreement. 我们已达成一项协议。
He soon entered their conversation.
enter for+表示比赛、竞赛、考试的名词 报名参加, 强调报名
enter for the exam
She entered (her name/herself) for the mathematics competition. 她报名参加数学竞赛。
take part in 真正的参加
2 Will you enter ___for___ this week's crossword competition?
crossward 文字游戏
3 Many athletes have entered ___for___ the Olympic Games this year.
athletes = sportsman 运动员, 体育家
【Multiple choice questions】
3 Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's. It is ___b___ .
a. larger garden b. a large garden c. large garden d. largest garden
6 The writer is fond of gardens. ___c___ .
a. They like him b. They like to him c. He likes them d. He likes
be fond of=like
I like sth./ I love sth./ I enjoy sth./I am fond of sth.
8 Joe wins every time. He always ___b___ Bill Frith.
a. wins b. beats c. gains d. earns
对手关系不能用win
defeat v. 击败
defeat sb.
beat v. 打败；打
gain =get sth.
earn vt. 挣得
earn money
9 Joe grows more flowers. More flowers ___a___ in his garden.
a. grow b. grow tall c. grow up d. grow big
grow vt. 种植: grow sth; grow flowers…
vi. 生长: sth. grow; flowers are growing
grow tall/grow big 变得……（一般不加形容词）
grow up 只和人连用, 表示人的长大（up adv.表示向上）
10 Joe's garden is interesting. Joe is ___d___ in gardening.
a. interesting b. interest c. interestingly d. interested
sth. is interesting ……是令人感兴趣的
be interested in… 对……感兴趣
11 The writer doesn't like hard work. It's ___b___ to look after a garden.
a. a hard work b. a hard job c. hard job d. hardly a job
it 作形式主语; 真正的主语是to look after the garden
hard work 繁重的工作
work不可数名词；job可数名词
hardly adv.几乎不
Have you understood me?
Sorry, I have hardly understood you.
12 Every year the writer enters for the garden competition ___b___ .
a. very b. also c. and d. either
very 不单独使用；and并列连词, 不放在句子末尾；either也, 表否定
also 表示也, 可以放在句子末尾；often 可以放在句子末尾
Lesson 9 A cold welcome
【New words and expressions】（7）
welcome n. 欢迎；v. 欢迎
crowd n. 人群
gather v. 聚集
hand n. （表或机器的）指针
shout v. 喊叫
refuse v. 拒绝
laugh v. 笑
★welcome n. 欢迎；v. 欢迎
① n. 欢迎
a cold welcome 冷遇
② v. 欢迎
welcome to+地点
welcome to China；welcome to my home；welcome home；welcome back
③ adj. 受欢迎的
You are welcome.
You are welcome to+地点
★crowd n. 人群
① n. 人群
in the crowd 在人群中
I spotted him in the crowd. 我在人群中一眼就认出了他
a crowd of people 一群人，没有次序的人群, 拥挤的人群
a group of people 一群人，有次序的人群
② v.拥挤, 挤满
a large crowd of people 一大群人
crowds of people 许多人, 人山人海
★gather v. 聚集
① vt. 使集拢，集合，召集
He gathered a large crowd of people round him.
② vt 收集，采集，收（庄稼等）
The children are out in the field gathering flowers. 孩子们在外面地里采花。
It has taken me a lifetime to gather all these books.
收集所有这些书花了我一辈子的时间。
③ vi. 集拢，聚集，集合
They gathered under the Town Hall clock.
people gathered 人们聚集在一起, 尤指自发性的聚集
★hand n. (表或机器的)指针；手
minute hand；second hand；hour hand
second hand 二手的，旧的，秒针
wait me a moment/wait me a few seconds(for a few secs.) （secs.是seconds的缩写）
★refuse v. 拒绝
① vt. 拒绝（接受、服从等）
She refused the gift.
② vt. 拒不，不肯，不愿
John refused to change his mind. 约翰拒不改变主意。
③ vi. 拒绝，不接受
I offered to pay him for his help, but he refused.
对于他的帮助我提出给他报酬，但他拒绝了。
★shout v. 喊叫
call out 大声喊叫
cry out 大声哭喊
scream 尖叫
【Text】
On Wednesday evening, we went to the Town Hall. It was the last day of the year and a large crowd of people had gathered under the Town Hall clock. It would strike twelve in twenty minutes' time. Fifteen minutes passed and then, at five to twelve, the clock stopped. The big minute hand did not move. We waited and waited, but nothing happened. Suddenly someone shouted. 'It's two minutes past twelve! The clock has stopped!' I looked at my watch. It was true. The big clock refused to welcome the New Year. At that moment, everybody began to laugh and sing.
参考译文
星期三的晚上, 我们去了市政厅. 那是一年的最后一天, 一大群人聚集在市政厅的大钟下面. 再过20分钟, 大钟将敲响12下. 15分钟过去了, 而就在11点55分时, 大钟停了. 那根巨大的分针不动了. 我们等啊等啊, 可情况没有变化. 突然有人喊道 : “已经12点零2分了!那钟已经停了!” 我看了一下我的手表, 果真如此. 那座大钟不愿意迎接新年. 此时, 大家已经笑了起来, 同时唱起了歌.
【课文讲解】
1、A cold welcome 冷遇
cold adj. 冷的, 寒冷的, 冷淡的
cold fish 冷漠的人
My brother is a cold fish.
lucky dog 幸运的人
What does "a cold welcome" refer to ? （refer to 指……）
2、On Wednesday evening, we went to the Town Hall.
morning，afternoon，evening前如果加修饰词则用介词on，否则用in
Town Hall 市政厅
3、It was the last day of the year and a large crowd of people had gathered under the Town Hall clock.
the last day of the year 一年中的最后一天
a large crowd of the people 一大群人
4、It would strike twelve in twenty minutes' time.
★strike v. 打，击；敲，弹（钟，乐器等）
① v. 打，击
She struck the man in the face.
② v. 敲，弹（钟，乐器等）
strike the clock （人）敲钟
clock strike 钟自己响
Listen, the clock is striking.
strike twelve 数字表示敲击的次数
minutes'名词所有格，用来表达时间
名词所有格表示时间或距离
It will leave in five minutes'time.
in twenty(minutes'time)名词所有格可省略
an hour's time
How far is the school from here?
3 minutes' walk. 三分钟路程。
5、Fifteen minutes passed and then, at five to twelve, the clock stopped.
… minutes pass … 几点过几分（前半小时，pass过了）
25 minutes passed eight
… minutes to … 几点过几分（后半小时，to还没到）
a quarter to nine/15 minutes to nine
时刻指点时间, 时间指段时间。时刻前的介词用at
…(some time) passed and then, sth. happened ……时间过去了，……
An hour passed and then, he arrived. 一个小时过去了，他终于来了。
…minutes later几分钟以后
6、We waited and waited, but nothing happened.
waited and waited 等啊等啊, 强调动作的重复（walked and walked；run and run）
happen vi.事情做主语, 事情发生
What happened?
Nothing happened.
7、It was true.
It was true that+从句 ……是一个事实
8、The big clock refused to welcome the New Year.
refuse to do sth. 拒绝去做某事
I refuse to leave. 我拒绝离开
I refuse to move. 我拒绝移动
9、At that moment, everybody began to laugh and sing.
at that moment = just then 就在那时
at the moment = now 现在, 此刻, 在此时
【Key structures】
引导时间状语的介词in/on/at/during/till与until
1、用in的时间短语有：
① 表示一天中的某段时间：in the morning；in the afternoon；in the evening
② 表示周、月份、年份：in a week；in January；in Feb；in 1992
③ 表示季节：in summer；in spring；in autumn；in winter
in+表示时间长度的短语可以表示“在某段时间之内”，这时可以与现在时、过去时或将来时连用，一般与完成某动作有关；还可译为“……时间之后”，一般与将来时连用。根据时态判别in 表示的含义
in twenty minutes' time 20分钟之后
We will finish class in half an hour.
2、用on的时间短语有：
① 表示星期：on Monday；on Friday
② 表示日期：on June 1st；on 23rd March（在书写日期时没有冠词，但在口语中则分别读为：on June the first；on the 23rd of March）
③ 表示星期+日期：on Monday, June 1st
④ 表示具体时间：on Wednesday evening；on fine afternoon；on that day
3、用at的时间短语有：
① 表示确切的时间：at five to twelve；at ten o'clock
② 表示用餐时间：at lunch/dinner time；at teatime
③ 表示其他时刻：at night；at noon；at midnight；at that time
4、during在……期间，后必须跟一个名词，可以指整个一段时间，有时可以用in替代
He has phoned four times during the last half hour.
I met him sometime during the week.（不能用in代替） 我是在这一周的某天遇到他的。
during the holiday 强调假期的从头到尾
He enjoyed himself during his holiday.
in the holiday 强调这段时间其中某一点时间, 并不表示自始至终
I was caught in an accident in the holiday.
5、from…till… 指一段明确的时间：
The tourist season runs from June till October.
6、until prep.&coin. 直到……时候，直到什么时候为止, 直到什么时候才
until主句和从句两个都用一般过去时对(最习惯的一种用法), 主句和从句任何一个用过去完成是也对
I can't enter for the sports meeting until tomorrow.
I had not understood the problem until he explained it.
We hadn't disturbed him until he finished work.
We didn't disturb him until he had finished work.
We didn't disturb him until he finished work.(更习惯于这种用法)
7、from…to…
Everyday we have English class from 8:30 to 11:30
关于时间表示方法 : What’s the time?/What time is it?
A整点 : A o’clock
A点B分（B<30）: A B / B past A
A点15分 : A fifteen / fifteen past A / a quarter past A
A点30分 : A thirty / half past A
A点B分(B>30) : A B / (60-B) to (A+1)
A点45分 : A forty-five / a quarter to (A+1) / fifteen to (A+1)
【Special Difficulties】
Any，Not...Any and No
any 用于否定句和疑问句中, some用于肯定句(或要求得到肯定回答的疑问句)
Do you have any friends?
I don't have any friends.
not 用在非实义动词后面, 实义动词前面.
not any=no <adj.>用在名词前面，no比not any的语气要强，但这两种否定的意义是相同的。
I have no friends.
no可构成复合词nobody，none，nothing，nowhere；any可构成复合词anybody，anything和anywhere。
在一个句子中通常只能有一个否定词（包括never，hardly等词）
【Multiple choice questions】
4 The people ___a___ under the Town Hall clock.
a. were b.was c. is d. be
people:人们, 做主语一定是复数
police，cattle是集合名词，用复数
8 How many times did the clock ___d___ ?
a. hit b. beat c. knock d. strike
敲门用knock；敲钟用strike
hit（轻）和strike（重hit hard)在一定的时候可以互换, 一般表示打一下
beat v. 连续不断的打
beat drums 敲鼓
12 It refused to welcome the New Year. It ___c___ .
a. denied it b. wanted to c. didn't want to d. wished to
deny v. 否认, 拒绝去承认, 后面一般加名词
deny the fact
I denied that I had stolen the bicycle.
refuse v. 拒绝
refuse to do sth.
I refused to steal the bicycle.
Lesson 10 Not for jazz
【New words and expressions】（11）
jazz n. 爵士音乐
musical adj. 音乐的
instrument n. 乐器
clavichord n. 古钢琴
recently adv. 最近
damage v. 损坏
key n. 琴键
string n. （乐器的）弦
shock v. 使不悦或生气，震惊
allow v. 允许，让
touch v. 触摸
★jazz n. 爵士音乐
a kind of music
★musical adj. 音乐的
musical student 有音乐天赋的人
music student 学音乐的人（the student who learned music）
★instrument n. 乐器
instrument=musical instrument
instrument常用的意思是“器械”、“器具”，尤指医疗、机器等方面的。也可用来泛指各种乐器。
★clavichord n. 古钢琴, 不是现代的piano
a kind of instrument
★recently adv. 最近
recently=lately
★damage v. 损坏
① n. 损害，损失，伤害
The storm has done a lot of damage to the village.
② vt. 损害，毁坏，损坏
The car was badly damaged in the accident.
★key n. 琴键
① n. 琴键
② n. 钥匙，答案
key to the door 门钥匙
Do you know the key to the question?
③ adj. 关键的
key structure
★shock v. 使不悦或生气, 震惊
① v. 使不悦或生气, 震惊
跟人的情绪有关的动词的宾语往往是 “人” (以sth.为主语)
The news shocks me. 这个消息使我震惊
② adj. 令人震惊的
It is shocking.
③ adj. 感到震惊
凡是能够用 “人” 做宾语, 又是表示人的情绪活动的动词, 有两个形容词形成：令人……（V+ing）；感到……（V+ed）
I'm shocked.
④ n. 震惊
get a shock
sb. get a shock 某人很吃惊
shock 必指坏事, 令人不悦, 生气的
surprise 好事坏事都可以, 只要你没有料到的
I want to give you surprise.
★allow v. 允许, 让
allow doing sth.
Smoking is allowed.＝people allow smoking
allow sb. to do sth. / sb.be allowed to do sth.
allow常用于被动语态
You are allowed to smoke(被动语态)
You are not allowed to enter the room if you don't take the card with you
★touch v. 触摸
① vt.&vi. 触摸，碰
You are not allowed to touch the vase.
② vt. 谈及，涉及，关系到
A rise in the cost of living touches everyone. 生活费用的增加与每个人都有关系。
【Text】
We have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord. It was made in Germany in 1681. Our clavichord is kept in the living room. It has belonged to our family for a long time. The instrument was bought by my grandfather many years ago. Recently it was damaged by a visitor. She tried to play jazz on it! She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken. My father was shocked. Now we are not allowed to touch it. It is being repaired by a friend of my father's.
参考译文
我家有件古乐器, 被称作古钢琴, 是1681年德国造的. 我们的这架古钢琴存放在起居室里. 我们家有这件乐器已经很久了, 是我祖父在很多年以前买的. 可它最近被一个客人弄坏了, 因为她用它来弹奏爵士乐. 她在击琴键时用力过猛, 损坏了两根琴弦. 我父亲大为吃惊, 不许我们再动它. 父亲的一个朋友正在修理这件乐器.
【课文讲解】
1、It is called a clavichord.
call在这里的意思是“把……称为”、“称呼”，既可用于主动态，也可用于被动语态。
call sb.sth./sb.be called 称某人为……，什么被称为……
What do you call this? 你们把这称为什么？
2、It has belonged to our family for a long time.
belong是一个表示状态的动词，而不是行为动词，所以不能用于进行时，常用的时态是一般现在时和现在过去时。
This farm belongs to me and it belonged to my father before me.
3、She tried to play jazz on it!
play n. 玩，演奏（乐器等）
① 跟球类连用, 直接+球类;
② 跟乐器连用, +the+乐器, 演奏乐器而非音乐
③ play music on + 乐器 , 一定要用 “on”
【Key structures】
被动语态
主动语态与被动语态皆指动词的形式而言。在主动句中，动词的主语是执行动作的人或物；在被动句中，动作是对主语执行的。
被动语态由be的一种形式和过去分词构成。主动语态的时态用法规则也适用于被动语态。动词作及物动词用时才能构成被动语态。如果要说明是什么人或什么东西做了某事，则用“by+行为主体”结构。“行为主体”也可以不表示出来。
【Special Difficulties】
与被动语态的made连用的几个介词
made in表示产地或时间
It was made in Germany.
made of表示用某种材料制成（通常指制造后不改变该材料原来的性质或形状）
The tea pot is made of silver.
made from表示用数种材料制成，或者是制造后改变了材料原来的性质或形状
Paper can be made from wood.
made by表示由谁制造
This cake was made by my sister.
be made into 被制成……
The gold is made into a ring.
双重所有格
双重所有格/双重属格 : 名词+of+名词所有格(名词性的物主代词)
英语中通常用-’s和of结构来表示所有格。-’s结构通常用在人名和表示人称的名词的末尾，而of结构则常与无生命的名词连用。
-’s结构的所有格可用于of结构之后，称为双重所有格。在名词前面，可以用a，this，that，these，some，any，no等，但不用the。
He is a friend of mine. 含有“他是我的一个特殊的或惟一的朋友”之意。
He is no friend of mine. 含义是“我根本不认识他”或“他是我的敌人”
强调很多当中的一个或几个的时候, 选用双重属格结构
a friend of my father/my father's friend(s) 只有一个朋友
a friend of my father's 很多朋友中的一个
It happened to a friend of mine. 我的很多朋友中的一个
【Multiple choice questions】
7 We are not allowed to touch it. We ___a___ touch it.
a. mustn't b. mustn't to c. haven't to d. don't have to
肯定结构中must和have to是一个概念；否定结构中must和have to就不一样了，mustn't:不准, 不可以；have to的否定：don't have to不必(have实意动词)
You don't have to go to school. 今天你不必去上学
You mustn't go to school. 今天你不许去上学
9 It's kept in the living room. That's where we ___a___ it.
a. have b. hold c. lift d. carry
keep(kept,kept) v. 保持，保存
keep sth.+地点 在某地放……(状态)
put v. 放(动作)；lift v. 举起；carry v. 扛着, 背着, 抱着
hold v. 拥有, 持有, 握着；have v. 拥有
That's后面+以特殊疑问词引导的从句
That's where 那就是……的地方
That's why 那就是……的原因
10 The visitor damaged it. She ___c___ it.
a. hurt b. pained c. broke d. destroyed
damaged：可以修复
destroy：无法修复
pain：有身体的疼痛
broke：打破, 打断, 打碎
I broke my leg.
★hurt
① hurt oneself/身体的某个部位 ……受伤
Hurt my leg.
② 身体的某个部位+hurt ……疼痛
My hand hurts.
③ hurt feelings 伤害……感情，……受伤
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