Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another
【New words and expressions】（6）
turn n. 行为，举止
deserve v. 应得到，值得
lawyer n. 律师
bank n. 银行
salary n. 工资
immediately adv. 立刻
★turn n. 行为, 举止
turn n.（帮助或损害他人的）举动、行为
Yesterday George did me a good/an ill turn. 乔治昨天做了一件对我有利/不利的事。
He is always ready to do a turn for others. 他总是乐于为他人做好事。
behavior n. 行为, 举止
Pay attention to your behavior.
★deserve v. 应得到, 值得
① deserve + n. 应该得到……，值得……，应得（奖赏、惩罚等）
He deserves praise. 他应该得到表扬
Yor deserve the best. 你应该得到最好的
He deserved a promotion. （promotion n. 提升）
② deserve sth./to do sth. 应该……
She deserved to be punished.
Good work deserves good pay. 多劳多得
His words deserve attention. 他的话值得注意。
★lawyer n. 律师
lawyer's office 律师事务所
★bank n. 银行
rob the bank 抢银行
★salary n. 工资
pay n. 工资(salary+wage，通用)
salary n. 薪金，薪水(月薪, 年薪，通常指职员、脑力劳动者（如律师、教师、医生等）有固定工作或管理阶层的收入，数额比较固定，一般按月支付)
My salary is paid on the 28th of the month.
wage n. 工资，工钱(按小时, 周计算的，通常指技工或一般体力劳动者，不稳定的工作人的收入，按周或天支付。一般用复数形式wages)。
When I worked as a waiter, the wages were low, but the tips were good.
我当侍者时工资不高，但小费可观。
bonus n. 奖金, 分红
collet v. 搜集, 领取
collect salary/wage 领工资
★immediately adv. 立刻
right away =at once =immediately 立刻, 马上
right now 现在
【Text】
I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele came in. Tony worked in a lawyer's office years ago, but he is now working at a bank. He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back. Tony saw me and came and sat at the same table. He has never borrowed money from me. While he was eating, I asked him to lend me twenty pounds. To my surprise, he gave me the money immediately. 'I have never borrowed any money from you,' Tony said, 'so now you can pay for my dinner!'
参考译文
我正在一家饭馆吃饭, 托尼.斯蒂尔走了进来. 托尼曾在一家律师事务所工作, 而现在正在一家银行上班. 他的薪水很高, 但他却总是向朋友借钱, 并且从来不还. 托尼看见了我, 就走过来和我坐到一张桌子前. 他从未向我借过钱. 当他吃饭时, 我提出向他借20英镑. 令我惊奇的是, 他立刻把钱给了我. “我还从未向你借过钱, “托尼说道, “所以现在你可以替我付饭钱了!”
【课文讲解】
1、One good turn deserves another 礼尚往来, 善有善报
one bad turn deserves another 恶有恶报
2、Tony worked in a lawyer's office years ago, but he is now working at a bank.
work for… 强调工作
work in… 强调in后面的地点
working at a bank
(some/several) years ago 名词-s,前面省略了some
3、He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back.
The teachers in the New Oriental school can get a good salary.
borrow sth. from sb. 从……借……
never=not 前面不需要加助动词
pay在这里的意思是“偿还（债务等）”，还可解释为“付，支付（价款、账单）等”。Pay既是及物动词也可以是不及物动词。
How much did you pay for that dress?
I paid the bill.
pay back 还钱
never pays it back 从不归还
4、Tony saw me and came and sat at the same table.
and连接三个并列的动词
at the same table 坐在同一张桌子旁边
at table 吃饭
at the table 坐在桌子旁边
Would you like to join us?
5、'I have never borrowed any money from you,' Tony said, 'so now you can pay for my dinner!'
pay for 为……而付钱
I have paid for you a dinner.
I have paid 20 dollars for the book.
ask (sb.) for sth. 问……要……
It's my treat. 我请客
This time is your treat. Next time is my turn.
Let's go dutch. AA制
【Key structures】
复习动词时态：
The Taj Mahal ______ (build) in the seventeenth century for the emperor Shah Jehan. A few years after he ______ (become) ruler, his wife, Mumtaz-i-Mahal, ______ (die). The Taj Mahal ______ (build) in her honour. Experts ______ (call) in from many parts of the world to construct the domes and to decorate the walls. The Taj Mahal which ______ (begin) in 1632 and ______ (complete) in 1654 ______ (cost) a fortune. Up to the present day, it ______ (visit) by millions of people.
The Taj Mahal 泰姬陵
in one's honour 为了纪念某人
up to the present day=up to now
was built；became；died；was built；were called (call in:召集)；was begun；was completed；costhas been visited
【Special Difficulties】
动词+名词/代词+带to的不定式
某些动词之后的带to的不定式之前可以有一个名词或代词。有些动词后的名词/代词可有可无，但有和没有经常影响影响整个句子的意义。
I asked him to lend me twenty pounds.
I want to speak to John.
I want you to speak to John.
Would you like to do sth.?
I’d like sb. to do sth.
I’d like to do sth.
还有一些动词后面用不定式作宾语时，其后通常必须有一名词或代词。这类动词有allow，advise，help，teach，tell，request等，这类动词不但可用于主动语态，也可用于被动语态：
We were not allowed to see the picture.
hope一定不能说hope sb. to do sth.，正确用法是hope to do (希望自己)或hope that(希望别人)
【Multiple choice questions】
4 Tony is working at a bank ___a___ .
a. at the moment b. a year ago c. since last year d. for a year
at the moment用现在进行时
since（+点时间） 自从……，用现在完成时
since yesterday
for(+段时间) 一段……，用现在完成时
for three hours；for a day；for three days
since three days ago 用一般过去时
8 He gets a good salary. His salary is very ___a___ .
a. good b. well c. fine d. beautiful
good salary 不错的薪水
well表示好的时候一般用作副词
fine用来形容天气好, 质量好
beautiful 美丽,漂亮的
10 Tony must pay the money back. He must ___c___ .
a. pay it again b. pay it c. repay it d. pay it once more
pay back 还钱；pay something 付钱；pay again 再次付钱；pay it 付钱
once more=again
repay it =pay back
11 There aren't enough chairs here for us all. Please bring ___b___ one.
a.other b.another c.extra d.a different
one在这里是代词，指代上文的名词，指代单数可数名词，可数名词单数前一定要加’a/an’
Lesson 12 Goodbye and good luck
【New words and expressions】（6）
luck n. 运气，幸运
captain n. 船长
sail v. 航行
harbour n. 港口
proud adj. 自豪
important adj. 重要的
★luck n. 运气, 幸运
good luck =break your leg 祝你好运
bless you 保重（比如在别人打喷嚏时说的话）
lucky adj. 幸运的
lucky dog 幸运儿
lucky day 幸运日
It’s my lucky day. 今天我真幸运
luckily adv. 幸运地
unlucky adj. 不幸的
★sail v. 航行
① vi. （船）航行，扬帆行驶
The ship is sailing for New York.
② vi. （人）乘船航行
I want to sail around the world.
③ n. 帆，篷
This boat has white salis.
★harbour n. 港口
port n. 港口
air port 航空港
★proud adj. 自豪，自满
be proud of 以……为自豪，为（某人）感到自豪
Parents are proud of their children.
pride n. 自豪
take pride in 以……为自豪
★important adj. 重要的
importance n. 重大
【Text】
Our neighbour, Captain Charles Alison, will sail from Portsmouth tomorrow. We'll meet him at the harbour early in the morning. He will be in his small boat, Topsail. Topsail is a famous little boat. It has sailed across the Atlantic many times. Captain Alison will set out at eight o'clock, so we'll have plenty of time. We'll see his boat and then we'll say goodbye to him. He will be away for two months. We are very proud of him. He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.
参考译文
我们的邻居查尔斯.艾利森船长明天就要从朴次茅斯(英国港市)启航了. 明天一大早我们将在码头为他送行. 他将乘坐他的 “涛波赛” 号小艇. “涛波赛” 号是艘有名的小艇, 它已经多次横渡大西洋. 艾利森船长将于8点钟启航, 因此我们有充裕的时间. 我们将参观他的船, 然后和他告别. 他要离开两个月, 我们真为他感到自豪, 他将参加一次重大的横渡大西洋的比赛.
【课文讲解】
1、We'll meet him at the harbour early in the morning.
在表示时间的短语in the morning，in the afternoon等前面可以再加上early，late等副词，以便确切地表示时间
early in the morning 一大早
late in the afternoon 傍晚
2、It has sailed across the Atlantic many times.
across是对某个细长物“横切、横断、横渡”等，尤指河流、马路、海洋等；过桥用over
the Atlantic =the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋
once，twice，three times…
表示次数的时候, for 一定不能加
I do something twice.
3、Captain Alison will set out at eight o'clock, so we'll have plenty of time.
set out/set off/begin something 出发，动身
plenty =enough 相对多，充足的，足够的
plenty of 足够多的……
I have plenty of money.
a lot of 指客观上的多
4、We'll see his boat and then we'll say goodbye to him.
see = visit 参观
Can I see it?
say goodbye (to sb.)；say hello to (to sb.)；say sorry to (to sb.)
I said hello to him this morning.
You must say sorry to somebody.
5、He will be away for two months.
瞬间动词不是不能用完成时态, 而是指不能与段时间连用, 一旦要用段时间就要将其变为 “系表结构” 即 “be + 形容词或介词短语构成”
He has been away for two hours.
=He left two hours ago.点时间
有的动词可用be+形容词系表结构表状态来代替
arrive= be here/there ；leave= be away ；die = be dead ；
join(也是瞬间动词) = be a soldier/in the army
6、He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.
take part (in) 参加，参与（某项活动）
enter for 报名参加
I have entered for the meeting,but now I don't want to take part in the meeting.
an important race across the Atlantic 横渡大西洋的比赛（介词短语做定语放在被修饰词的后面）
the person at the door
be in the race = take part in the race 参加比赛
at the race 在比赛场地观看比赛
【Key structures】
一般将来时
１、一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态
２、将来时的结构
① 基本结构: shall/will + 动词原形
shall常用在第一人称I或we的后面，而will可用于所有人称，缩略为’ll，否定式中，will not可缩略为’ll not或won’t，shall not缩略shan’t（在美语中很少用shall）
② be going to do sth./ be gonna do sth.（美语） 打算做某事;
be going to 与will一般可以互换，但与打算无关含义的句子, will与be going to do 不能互换
I’ll miss you. （不能用be going to）
He'll lose. 他要输了。（不能用be going to）
I'll be sixteen years old next year. （不能用be going to）
③ be + to do sth. 表示计划安排在某事或用来征求意见
I am to have a holiday.
④ be about to do sth. 即将做某事.
⑤ will be doing 表示将要做某事
⑥ be doing （瞬间动词） 用现在进行时表示将来时态
用现在进行时表示将来的动词有：go，come，arrive，leave，die，land，join
⑦ be 一般现在时表示将要发生
If it rains, …
【Special Difficulties】
be+副词构成的表语
动词be如与不同的副词连用意义不同，意思主要由副词的意义决定：
be in 在家；be out 出去；be away 离开；be on 上映；be back 回来；be over 结束；be up to sth.胜任某件事情, 能够做某件事
set+副词构成的短语动词
set out 出发，动身
When’ll you set out for London?
set off 出发，启程
I’ll set off for home the day after tomorrow.
set up 创立，建立；（a record）创造……记录
Mr. Jackson has set up a school in the village.
Has Tom set up a new world record?
Lesson 13 The Greenwood Boys
【New words and expressions】（5）
group n. 小组，团体
pop singer 流行歌手
club n. 俱乐部
performance n. 演出
occasion n. 场合
★group n. 小组, 团体
a group of 表示一群或一个团体
You can see a group of islands in the middle of the lake.
group n. 组合，指合唱团（如Back Street 后街男孩）
band n.乐队（如零点乐队, 只有一个主唱）
★pop singer 流行歌手
pop adj. 受欢迎的，通俗的，流行的，大众的（popular的缩写）
pop song(music)流行音乐
pop star : 歌星
★club n. 俱乐部
night club 夜总会
★performance n. 演出
① n. 执行，完成，履行
He is praised for the excellent performance of his duties.
② n. 表现，工作情况
His performance in the mathematics exam is not very good.
③ n. 演出，表演
The pop singers will give five performances.
-mance 名词后缀
perform v. 演出
★occasion n. 场合
中文 : 在某种场合, 某种条件下, 某种环境中
英文 : occasion = time 某个时候
this occasion；on the(this) occasion 在这种时候
occasionally <adv.>＝sometimes 有时候, 偶尔
【Text】
The Greenwood Boys are a group of pop singers. At present, they are visiting all parts of the country. They will be arriving here tomorrow. They will be coming by train and most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station. Tomorrow evening they will be singing at the Workers' Club. The Greenwood Boys will be staying for five days. During this time, they will give five performances. As usual, the police will have a difficult time. They will be trying to keep order. It is always the same on these occasions.
参考译文
“绿林少年” 是一个流行歌曲演唱团. 目前他们正在全国各地巡回演出, 明天就要到达此地. 他们将乘火车来, 镇上的大部分青年人将到车站迎接他们. 明晚他们将在工人俱乐部演出. “绿林少年” 准备在此逗留5天. 在此期间, 他们将演出5场. 同往常一样, 警察的日子将不好过, 他们将设法维持秩序. 每逢这种场合, 情况都是这样.
【课文讲解】
1、At present, they are visiting all parts of the country.
at present =now 目前，现在
The doctor is very busy at present.
nowadays adv. 目前
up to now =so far 到现在为止
visit v.拜访、参观；(歌手)巡演
visit+地点 表示去某地
They stay in all parts of the world.
visit some place 带有职业相关目的
visit china 某某人到中国访问
The headmasters of the New Oriental school visited Lanzhou.这里指演讲
all parts of the country 全国各地（all在这里的意思是“各种的，各个”）
all parts of the world 全世界各地；介词用in
in all parts of the world 在全世界各地
2、They will be coming by train and most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.
will be doing 将来进行时态，用来表示最近的将来正在进行的动作或说话人设想已经安排好的事情，将来进行时态的意思往往等于一般将来时态.
We will be acting. 我们将要行动了
most of the young people in the town 镇上的大部分年轻人(介词短语作定语)
most of + the… 大多数的……(一定要加‘the’)
most of the books; most of the time
most of the young people = most young people
most students = most of the students.
★meet
① vt.&vi.（偶然）遇见，遇到
We met at a restaurant.
② vt.（约定地点或时间）和……会面，迎接
meet sb. +地点 去某地接某人
Who will be meet you when you arrive in London?
see sb. off 送行, 目送
③ vt.（经介绍）和……相识/见面
I’d like to meet your brother.
3、Tomorrow evening they will be singing at the Workers' Club.
last night 昨天夜间；tonight 今天夜间；tomorrow night 明天夜间；next night 第二天晚上
at the Workers' Club 在工人俱乐部
tomorrow evening 明天晚上；yesterday evening 昨天晚上；this evening 今天晚上
4、The Greenwood Boys will be staying for five days. During this time, they will give five performances.
…will be staying here for five days 逗留五天
…give five performances 演出五场
5、As usual, the police will have a difficult time.
as usual 象往常一样，照例
On that day, he was late for work as usual.
difficult这里解释为“难对付的”、“费劲的”，指麻烦比较多。
have a good time 玩得开心
have a hard time 生活得艰辛
have a difficult time 日子不象平时那样惬意
6、They will be trying to keep order. It is always the same on these occasions.
try to do sth. 设法做某事, 尽力做某事
order常用的意义是“次序、顺序”，也可当“治安、秩序”讲
keep order 维持次序
public order 治安
当用occasion表示在某个/些场合时，它与介词on连用
on these occasion(s)每逢这种场合
the same 表示情况相同
注意同一意思的多种表达方式
Why are you late? = What took you so long? 你为什么迟到?
【Key structures】
将来进行时
将来进行时由will/shall+be+现在分词构成，通常用于表示最近或很久的将来正在进行的动作。将来进行时常用来表示说话人设想已经安排好的事。
I’ll be working for my exams next month. 下个月我将用功看书准备考试。
By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach.
将来进行时与一般将来时有时表达的意思差不多，但一般将来时中的will经常具有蓄意为之的含义（如表示主语的意愿、决心、许诺等），将来进行时不具有这些含义，只表示单纯的将来，或者说只陈述将来的事实，但它语气比单用will时委婉客气。
When will you finish these letters? （如上司对下属）
When will you be seeing Mr. White? （如下属对上司）
Mary won’t pay this bill. （她拒绝付帐）
Mary won’t be paying this bill. （将来的事实）
Won’t you join us for dinner? 你来和我们一起吃饭好吗？（邀请）
Won’t you be joining us for dinner? 你会和我们一起吃饭吗？（将来的事实）
【语法精粹】
1."The meeting is scheduled to begin at 7 o'clock"
"But__C___a delay."
A. it will be B. there'd beC. there will be D. there is
schedule 按计划； delay n. 延迟, 拖延和耽误
it be 它是，be动词的后面一旦加名词, 往往认为主语和名词之间是等号关系
there be 哪儿有(某地有某物)，有某事发生
There will be a meeting. 那儿将开会
There was a fire. 发生大火
2.He'll leave for Paris before you___C__next week.
A. will come back B. will be back C. come back D. came back
before在这里是状语从句的标志
在状语从句中不可能出现将来时, 都被一般现在时态取代
3.Our next meeting__C___on 1st December
A. has been held B. will hold C. is to be held D. is holding
be to,将来的标志, 是将来还是被动
4.Where__C___a will,there is a way.
A. there will have B. has been there C. there is D. there has been.
是个谚语“有志者事竞成”，“哪儿有愿望, 哪儿就有路”
where 引导的是地点主语从句
5.It__B___be Wednesday tomorrow.
A. is going to B. will C. is about to D. is to
Will和be going to一般的情况可以互换, 遇上没有办法打算和计划安排的, 只能用will be（单纯的表将来）
be about to 计划打算； be to 计划打算； be going to 计划打算
【Special Difficulties】
名词所有格：
一般只对人和某些生物用-’s，名词所有格放在其所修饰的名词之前，但在上下文很清楚时名词可省略。名词所有格的规则
① 在单数名词及不以 -s 结尾的人名后加 -'s；
② 在以 -s 结尾的单数名词后加 -'s；
③ 在规则的复数名词的 -s 后面加所有格符号 '；
④ 在以 -s 结尾的人名后面即可以用 's 也可以用所有格符号 '；
⑤ 如果是用and连接的两个人名，则在第二个人名上加-'s；
也可以同时有两个所有格：
My brother’s neighbour’s sister is a nurse. 我兄弟的邻居的姐姐/妹妹是一名护士。
⑥ 有些无生命的物体后面也可以用所有格，如与时间有关的：
in twenty minutes' time
3 minutes' walk(drive) 走路或开车三分钟的路程
a month’s salary
表示值多少钱也可以用所有格：
I want ten pounds' worth of minced meat. （minced meat 碎肉）
How much damage was there? 哪儿有多大的损失?
There was a hundred pounds'worth of damage.
【语法精粹】
I want ( C ).
A.a dollar worth candyB.candy a dollar's worth
C.a dollar's worth of candyD.a dollar worth's candy
【Multiple choice questions】
5 During this time, they will give five performances. That's what they'll do ___a___ this time.
a. in b. on c. of d. while
during this time: 在这段期间
during和in之间有区别, 但是它们之间却是近义词
during this time=in this time （this time 这一次）
6 The police will have a difficult time ___a___ .
a. as usuall b. as usual c. than usua d. from usual
as usual 像往常一样
7 The police ___b___ expecting the singers to arrive soon.
a. is b. are c. will d. was
the people,the police,the cattle 集合名词，表示复数
8 They are pop singers. So ___c___ .
a. they are folk singers b. they are public singers
c. everyone likes them d. no one likes them
pop=popular adj. 受欢迎的, everyone likes
folk adj. 民间的, 民族；public adj. 公众的
12 It's always the same on these occasions. It's always the same at ___d___ like this.
a. situation b. conditions c. place d. times
on these occasions:在一个时候
situation: 情况, in the situation
condition: 状态, 条件, in the condition
11 The Greenwood Boys will give five performances. They will give five ___a___ .
a. recital b. executions c. play d. songs
recital n. 朗诵，（对外公开）的演出
execution n. 演出(倾向技巧)；play n. 戏剧；songs n. 歌子
Lesson 14 Do you speak English?
【New words and expressions】（7）
amusing adj. 好笑的，有趣的
experience n. 经历
wave v. 招手
lift n. 搭便车
reply v. 回答
language n. 语言
journey n. 旅行
★amusing adj. 好笑的, 有趣的
The story is amusing. （好笑的）
amused adj. 感到好笑的（要笑出声）
I am amused.
amuse v. 使发笑，使愉快
The story amused me.
funny adj. 好笑的（不一定要笑出声可以指贬义），开心的，令人开心的
interesting / funny story
★experience n. 经历（可数）；经验（不可数）
① n. 经历（可数）
He has a lot of experiences. （经历，可数名词）
② n. 经验，体验（不可数）
They want someone with a lot of experience for this job. （经验，不可数名词）
Does she have any experience in teaching?
③ vt. 经验，体验
Have you ever experienced anything like this?
The village has experienced great changes since 1980.
experienced adj. 有经验的，经验丰富的
He is an experienced doctor.
★wave v. 招手
wave to sb. 向某人招手
★lift n. 搭便车
take a bus/taxi/lift 乘公共汽车/乘出租汽车/搭便车
B wants to take a lift. 某人想搭便车
I want to take a lift.
A give B a lift. 让某人搭便车
The student gave me a lift.
thumb lift 拇指便车(向过路车辆竖起拇指表示要求免费搭车)
★reply v. 回答
reply与answer的区别：
① 作为不及物动词是一样的 :
He answered/replied.
② 作为及物动词就不一样了 :
answer sth.
answer the letter 回信
reply to sth.
I will reply to the letter. 回信
★language n. 语言
native language 母语
The native language is Chinese.
mother tongue 母语(口语中用)
My mother tongue is Chinese.
★journey n. 旅行
journey n. 所有的旅行，偏重于陆地旅行
go on a journey
2 hours' journey；3 days' journey(三天路程)
trip n. 短距离旅行或出差(时间或距离上较短)
go on a trip = go on business
travel n. 周游（长途旅行）
tour n. 游玩（为了玩）
tourist n. 游客
voyage n. 旅行(海上)
flight n. 空中飞行
【Text】
I had an amusing experience last year. After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town. On the way, a young man waved to me. I stopped and he asked me for a lift. As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French and he replied in the same language. Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all. Neither of us spoke during the journey. I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, "Do you speak English?' As I soon learnt, he was English himself!'
参考译文
去年我有过一次有趣的经历. 在离开法国南部的一个小村庄后, 我继续驶往下一个城镇. 途中, 一个青年人向我招手. 我把车停下, 他向我提出要求搭车. 他一上车, 我就用法语向他问早上好, 他也同样用法语回答我. 除了个别几个单词外, 我根本不会法语. 旅途中我们谁也没讲话. 就要到达那个镇时, 那青年突然开了口, 慢慢地说道 : “你会讲英语吗?”我很快了解到, 他自己就是个英国人!
【课文讲解】
1、After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town.
after引导的从句如果一个是过去时，一个是过去完成时，那一定是从句用过去完成时；before引导的从句表示“在……之前”，主句发生在从句之前, 主句用过去完成时。
drive on 继续开往（on加在动词的后面表示继续）
My heart will go on 《我心永恒》
drive to 开车去某地
副词on紧跟在动词后面时可以表示“向前”、“继续下去”等意义：
He talked on until everybody had gone. 他滔滔不绝地讲到大家都走了。
I was reading when my friend called. After he had gone, I went on to read.
我朋友来看我时我正在看书。他走了以后我便继续看书。
表达方位的表达方式一共有3个介词, in（在……里面）,on（接壤），to（没有相接的, 是相离的）
A is to the east of B A在B的东方（A与B不相接）
A is on the east of B A在B的东方（A与B接壤）
A is in the east of B A在B的东方（A在B的里面）
2、On the way, a young man waved to me.
on the way 在路上, 在途中
wave to sb. 冲某人挥手
3、As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French and he replied in the same language.
as soon as 一……就……，后面一定要加一个句子(时间状语从句), 强调两个动作几乎是连在一起的，“一” 后面的先发生
As soon as I had entered the room,I took off my coat at once.
As soon as I had received the letter,I ringed/called him back.
只要是状语从句, 一旦遇到将来时, 变为一般现在时
As soon as you arrive,you must call me. 你一到就打我电话
表示用某种语言作为交际手段时介词用in，表示讲某种语言时可以不加介词。
I speak English. I say a word in Chinese.
That book is written in German.
reply 要想加宾语要加 to (+要回答的内容)，而in the same language 在句中作状语, 不是replay所应回答的问题(宾语), 故用in
4、Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all.
apart from… 除……以外
not … at all 一点都不，表强调
I don't like it.
I don't like it at all.
5、I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, "Do you speak English?'
nearly 将要
when的翻译要看当时的具体情况, 在这里译为“就在此时”
I had nearly reached home when I found my mother standing there.
Do you speak English? 你说英语吗? 你是说英语国家的人吗?（问的是一个事实，不是问会说英语吗）
Do you swim? 你去游泳吗?
Can you swim? 你会游泳吗?
6、As I soon learnt, he was English himself!'
I learn 我得知； I know 我知道(我本来就知道)
As+主语+动词，从句 （As my mother said/As I heard/ As I learnt） 正如……
As we know,the New Concept English is very good. 正如我们所知……
As I think,it is the coldest day in the year.
As he said, English is easy to learn.
himself反身代词单独放在句尾, 起强调作用
I read English myself.
【Key structures】
过去完成时
过去完成时：由had+过去分词构成，它表示过去某时或某动作发生之前已经完成的动作或情况，即“较早的过去”。过去完成时一定要以一个过去时态作铺垫, 这个动作一定要发生在had done之后。
在用过去完成时态的句子中，常用连词when，after，as soon as，until，by that time等。常与现在完成时连用的副词如already，just，never，never…before也常与过去完成时连用，以强调事件发生的先后次序：
I didn’t know that she was a famous actress until you had told me.
The boys loved the zoo. They had never seen wild animals before.
在那些用过去完成时的句子中没有明确的时间状语，但通过上下文可以看出动作发生的先后。
Exercises D (用正确的时态填空)
1 The moment he had said this, he ______ (regret) it.
the moment = as soon as 一……就……，后面直接加从句
2 It ______ (begin) to rain before she took a taxi.
before引导的从句用一般过去时, 主句用过去完成时
【Special Difficulties】
Ask与Ask For：
ask v. 问，询问；请求，要求，邀请
ask a question/ask sb. 问（一个问题）/问某人
I asked (Mary) a question.
They asked Tony to sing a song.
They asked her to spend the weekend with them.
ask for 要，要求（某样东西）
ask for the answer
I asked for a cup of coffee, but they gave me a cup of tea.
You are always asking for help.
Except, Except for与Apart from
三者都表示“除……以外”，有时可以互换，但except不用于句首，except for和apart from则可以。
Everyone has helped in some way apart from/except for/except you.
Apart from/Except for you, everyone has helped in some way.
apart from习惯上喜欢放句首, apart from=except/besides
如果认为整体之中做这件事情的人除了整体之外，还有这个人也做了（包括），是加号=besides；如果认为整体之中做这件事情的人除了整体之外，这个人没有做（排除），是减号=except；如果放在句首，统一用apart from代替except/besides
All the passengers are millionaire except us. （减号）
I invited everyone except George. / Except for George I invited everyone.
Except for/apart from this, everything is in order.
except for含有对整体中的某一个方面不满意，except for 可以不放在句首, 强调整体当中某一方面除外, 剩下的整体都不错
The article is very good except for his handwriing.
Except for his height, he is very excellent.
Which of，Either of，Neigher of与Both of
上面这些短语都可用于指两个人或两件事
either of 两者当中的任何一个
neither of 两者都不
which of 那一个
both of 两者都
① 当询问在两个或更多的人或事物中偏爱哪一个或选择哪一个时，可用which
I like both of these bags. Which of the two do you prefer?
② either与neither都是对两个人或物而言（后接单数名词）。either指one or the other（不是这个就是那个），either和neither后跟of时则指两个事物中的每一个
either of sb. ……当中的任何一个
neither of sb. ……当中的任何一个都不（neither of []（注意英音与美音的读音）两者之间都不, 一旦出现, 这句话里面不会再出现not）
I don't like the book. My sister doesn't like it either.
Neither of us likes it. (注意要用单数)
Which bag shall I use?
Either of them. It doesn’t matter which. 哪个都行。用哪个都没关系。
Neither of them. Use a suitcase. 哪个都不行。用个手提箱吧。
③ both只指两个人或物。当它用在名词前时，of 可有可无；当用在代词前面时，其后必须加of
Both books/Both of the books are interesting.
Both of us/them left early.
④none of 三者或三者以上之间都不
Exercise
5 He could not answer(neither of)(either of)the questions I (asked)(asked for).
either of（前面有not, 故只能选either of） , asked
【Multiple choice questions】
6 I speak a few words of French. I don't know ___b___ French.
a. many b. much c. plenty of d. a little
French不可数, 不能用many
plenty of 足够多的；not…plenty of 不够多
not much = a little 一些
not a little = much 很多
7 Neither of us spoke. We ___c___ .
a. neither spoke b. either spoke
c. both didn't speak d. neither didn't speak
neither不会和not连用；不能说we neither，只能说neither of us
either 任何一个
both 两者都
we both/ both of us 两个都
11 He replied in French. He ___b___ the writer in French.
a. responed b. answered c. returne d. remarked
responded和replied用法一样，replied后面加宾语一定要加to，answer可以直接加宾语
9 The young man waved to the writer. He ___c___ him.
a. salute b. greeted c. signalled to d. nodded
salute v. 行军礼, 军人的问候
The soldier saluted his officer. 士兵的问候
greet v. 问候 ； signal v. 发出信号
10 He asked for a lift. He was a ___b___.
a. tramp b. hitch hiker c. passenge d. foreigner
tramp n. 流浪汉 ；hitch hiker 搭便车的人 ；passenger n. 乘客(指要付车钱的那种)
12 The writer had ___b___ reached the town when the young man spoke.
a.often b.almost c.sometimes d.just as
almost=nearly
just as+时间从句 正当……时候
Lesson 15 Good news
【New words and expressions】（5）
secretary n. 秘书
nervous adj. 精神紧张的
afford v. 负担得起
weak adj. 弱的
interrupt v. 插话，打断
★secretary[][] n. 秘书
两种发音，同样还有history也是两种发音
secret[] n. 秘密（注意发音与secretary的不同）
★nervous adj. 精神紧张的
① adj. 神经质的，神经紧张的
She is a nervous woman. Do you see that nervous smile on her face?
② 紧张的，担心的，情绪不安的
He had never spoken in public, so he was very nervous.
nervous adj. 精神紧张的（事情发生时）
worried adj. 担心的（为以后的事情）
upset adj. 不安的 (对以前的事情)
irritable adj. 易怒的，急躁的
Our teacher is an irritable old lady. She gets angry easily.
★afford v. 负担得起
① vt. 买得起（常与can/can’t连用）
afford sth.
I can afford the coat.
② vt. 担负得起（损失、后果等），花得起（时间）（常与can/can’t连用）
afford money/time
I can afford the hoilday. (有时间去)
I can afford five yuan.
I can only afford one week for the trip.
afford to do sth.
I can’t afford to be ill again. 我不能再病了。
I can afford to buy the book.
③ vt. 提供，给予
Joe afforded us a room for the night.
★interrupt v. 插话, 打断
interrupt v. 打断某人的话
disturb v. 打扰某人
Sorry to disturb you.
interruption n. 中断，打断
【Text】
The secretary told me that Mr. Harmsworth would see me. I felt very nervous when I went into his office. He did not look up from his desk when I entered. After I had sat down, he said that business was very bad. He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries. Twenty people had already left. I knew that my turn had come.
'Mr.Harmsworth,' I said in a weak voice.
'Don't interrupt,' he said.
Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra thousand pounds a year!
参考译文
秘书告诉我说哈姆斯沃斯先生要见我. 我走进他的办公室, 感到非常紧张. 我进去的时候, 他连头也没抬. 待我坐下后, 他说生意非常不景气. 他还告诉我, 公司支付不起这么庞大的工资开支, 有20个人已经离去. 我知道这次该轮到我了.
“哈姆斯沃斯先生, “我无力地说.
“不要打断我的话, “他说.
然后他微笑了一下告诉我说, 我每年将得到1,000 英镑的额外收入.
【课文讲解】
1、The secretary told me that Mr. Harmsworth would see me.
would在这里不是表示单纯的过去将来时，而是表示“想……”、“要……”的意思：
What would you like to have?
John wouldn’t lend me his bicycle.
2、He did not look up from his desk when I entered.
look up表示原先在埋头干什么，之后抬头看
He looked up (from his book) when he heard a noise.
look down 往地上看（look up的反义词）
look down upon/on sb. 瞧不起某人
I look down upon my sister.
3、After I had sat down, he said that business was very bad.
Business is very good! 生意好!
4、He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.
collect salary 领薪水
pay salary 支付薪水
large一般指东西的数量大
so的后面加形容词或副词；such的后面加名词, 容许在该名词前面加修饰词
5、I knew that my turn had come.
turn n. 轮流，轮班，（依次轮流时各自的）一次机会
My turn has come.
It is my turn. 轮到我了(口语常用形式)
When his turn came, he couldn’t speak any word.
6、'Mr.Harmsworth,' I said in a weak voice.
in a … voice 用……的声音
in a loud(大声)/low (低声)/weak(强调心里不踏实)/strong(理直气壮) voice
7、Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra thousand pounds a year!
以下几个词都可表示 “再, 又” 的意思, 注意用法 :
① an extra thousand(作名词看)
数量+extra+名词 再有多少
On Sundays, I usually get some extra sleep.
Last month, he was paid an extra hundred pounds.
② two others = two other +名词
③ two more
Give me two extra/other/more books. 再给我两本书。
once more: 再一次
④ another three days 另外三天（只有another 的数词在后面）
【Key structures】
间接引语
把某人所说的话告诉另外一个人时，应该使用间接引语。间接陈述句的时态往往受引述动词的影响。引述陈述句时最常用的动词是say和tell，tell后面必须跟表示人称的间接宾语（tell sb.），而say后面则可跟或不跟to+讲话对象。
1、主从一致 : 主句和从句的时态一致
① 主句的动词为一般现在时, 从句为任意时态
② 主句的动词为一般过去时, 从句为相对应的过去时态（时态倒移）
一般现在时——> 一般过去时现在进行时——> 过去进行时
现在完成时——> 过去完成时将来完成时——> 过去将来完成时
一般过去时——> 过去完成时
2、人称变化：主要是第一和第二人称变化
3、只要属于宾语从句, 引导词that可以省略
【Special Difficulties】
Nervous and Irritable
nervous adj. 紧张不安的
Examinations make me nervous.
irritable adj. 易怒的
He is such an irritable person, you can hardly speak to him.
他这个人如此容易发怒，你简直没有办法与他讲话。
Office, Study, Desk
office n. 办公室
study n. 书房
I often read in the study when I want peace and quiet.
desk n. 课桌
Exercises
1 We shall use the spare room in our new house as a ______ .
study
5 Since his illness he has been very ______ . He is always losing his temper.
irritable
Since his illness=> 自从他生了病 （since +名词）
【Multiple choice questions】
6 ___d___ turn is it? It's your turn.
a. Which b. To whom c. Who d. Whose
My turn has come.(书面语)/It is my turn.(口语)
Whose turn (is it)?/who is next? 轮到谁，谁是下一个？
10 It's your turn ___c___ .
a.It's your line b.It's your row c.You're next d.It's your chance
It's your turn. You're next.
12 The writer would receive an extra ￡1,000 a year. He would get ￡1,000 a year ___b___ .
a. less b. more c. over d. up
more可以放数词和名词之间, 甚至可以放在整个名词的后面two more eggs,once more；extra和other一定放在数词和名词之间, another一定放在数词前面
over sth. 超过(多余)什么东西
over three years
up adv. 往上
climb up
【语法精粹】
间接引语：如果是现在进行时在直接引语当中变成间接引语, 极有可能选用过去完成时
1.My brother__Ａ__while he____his bicycle and hurt himself.
A.fell/was riding B.feel/was riding
C.had fallen/rode D.had fallen/was riding
fell(跌下来),ride(骑自行车)
2.He__ C __his leg as he_____in a football match.
A.broke/played B.was breaking/was playing
C.broke/was playing D.was breaking/played
break one's leg
3.My father will be here tomorrow.
I thought that he__ A __today.
A.was coming B.is coming C.will come D.comes
be coming表示将要
跟go，come，leave，arrive相连的词一定会用进行时态表示将来时态，它们过去进行时态很有可能表达过去将来时态的含义
4.Jack was going out of the shop when he collided with an old woman who__ B __.
A.come B.was coming C.had been coming D.had come
collide : 相撞, 是相对概念
5.Mike couldn't come to the telephone when Mr.Smith called her because she___C__in the lab.
A.had been working B.has been workingC.was working D.worked
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