高中英语阅读技巧：②理解主旨和要义——标题归纳题
一、标题归纳题常见的设问方式
1. What / Which of the following can be / may be / is the best title for the text?
2. Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?
3. Which one could be the best title of the passage?
4. The best / most suitable title for this text would be _____.
5. What can be a suitable title for the text?
二、标题归纳题解题技巧
这种类型的考题考查考生准确理解全文、提炼信息、概括总结的能力。标题归纳题实质上与主旨大意题一样，考查的都是文章的主旨大意，只不过这两类题型的选项形式不同：前者通常是短语或短句，后者通常以一句话的形式出现。所以，解答主旨大意题的部分技巧对于标题归纳题同样适用。另外，解答标题归纳题时，还常用以下技巧：
1. 观察选项的概括度。所选标题必须能概括全文中心内容，可以是对文章关键词语的概括，也可以是对论点或各段段意的综合概括。
2. 观察选项是否严谨、新颖。标题是文章的眼睛，既要严谨，也要新颖。
三、真题分析
以下内容均选编自高考真题，我们将结合上面提到的解题技巧对各题进行分析解答。
A
Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.
“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant,” she explains. “I pay £5 for a portion (一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we're not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”
The eight-part series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight's Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family's long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
1. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making Yourself a Perfect Chef
D. Cooking Well for Less
【分析】本文是一篇新闻报道。《早安英国》的节目主持人苏珊娜•瑞德新推出了一档节目Save Money: Good Food，旨在教人们如何用较少的预算做出美味营养的饭菜。解答本题可运用“观察选项的概括度”法。D项概括全文中心内容，为正确选项。A项以偏概全，只说了文章的一个方面——如何吃得好来保持健康；B项无中生有，文章没有提到均衡饮食；C项（如何成为一名好厨师）偏离主题。
B
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What's the problem? It's possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's awkward and challenging, or we think it's annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it's an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can't forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren't for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease (润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,” he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.”
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction (互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “It's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,” says Dunn. “But interactions with peripheral (边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. “Small talk is the basis of good manners,” he says.
2. What is the best title for the text?
A. Conversation Counts
B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk
D. Uncomfortable Silence
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了在智能手机时代，人们似乎都不愿意打破沉默与他人交流，作者在文中指出，我们应该从闲聊开始，学会与人交流，增加我们的归属感。
解答本题可运用“观察选项的概括度”法。文章主要阐述了闲聊的益处，放下手机，打破沉默，与陌生人开始闲聊，这能让我们心情更加舒畅，也可能会为我们的成功积攒人脉，故选C项。A项范围过大，本文的核心话题是与陌生人之间的闲聊；B项曲解文意，本文没有探讨如何展开闲聊；D项以偏概全，本文探讨的是用闲聊来打破沉默这种尴尬的情况。
