高中英语阅读技巧 ④理解文中具体信息——排序题、数据题
一、解题技巧
★排序题解题技巧
排序题是一种将多项事实进行排序的细节理解题，要求考生根据事件或动作发生的先后顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件或事物发展变化的正确顺序。解题时通常采用逻辑定位法、空间排序法或时间排序法，即按照事件发展或说明事物的逻辑顺序、不同空间或不同时间背景进行排序。
★数据题解题技巧
数据题多考查时间、金钱、年龄、人或物的数量等方面的内容，而且其选项均与数据有关。针对其出题特点，我们可采用以下技巧：
1. 直接查阅法。有些题干直接引用原文的语句，有些转述原文某个句子。考生可通过查找选项中数据所在的语句，弄清楚题干与哪个语句相关或相似，从而得出正确选项；也可在原文中直接查找题干中的关键信息，然后去匹配相应的数据。
2. 推理计算法。有些题干就原文中的某些数据设问（如用if从句提供假设语境），这时考生需要准确理解题干，并根据其中的关键信息找到相关数据，然后作一些推理或计算才可得出结论。
二、真题分析
以下内容均选编自高考真题，我们将结合上面提到的解题技巧对各题进行分析解答。
[A]
A build-it-yourself solar still (蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it's an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it's all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇×5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher's productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet's center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone (圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.
The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material, and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won't have to break down the still every time you need a drink.
1. What is the last step of constructing a working solar still?
A. Dig a hole of a certain size.
B. Put the cup in place.
C. Weight the sheet's center down.
D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.
（选自2017年全国卷I阅读理解D篇）
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了如何自制太阳能蒸馏器以便在野外获取饮用水。
本题考查动作发生的先后顺序，解题时可用“逻辑定位法”。由文中的第二、三段可知，制作一个蒸馏器装置的步骤如下：①Dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep; ②Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole; ③Lay the tube in place; ④Cover the hole with the plastic sheet; ⑤Weight the sheet's center down with a rock。由此可知，制作一个能正常运转的蒸馏器装置的最后一步是用石块将塑料薄膜的中心位置压下去，故选C项。
[B]
Welcome to Holker Hall & Gardens
Visitor Information
How to Get to Holker
By Car: Follow brown signs on A590 from J36, M6. Approximate travel times: Windermere — 20 minutes, Kendal — 25 minutes, Lancaster — 45 minutes, Manchester — 1 hour 30 minutes.
By Rail: The nearest station is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth, Lancaster and Preston for connections to major cities & airports.
Opening Times
Sunday — Friday (closed on Saturday) 11:00 am — 4:00 pm, 30th March — 2nd November.
Admission Charges
Hall & Gardens Gardens
Adults: £12.00 £8.00
Groups: £9.00 £5.50
Special Events
Producers' Market 13th April
Join us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks. Meet the producers and get some excellent recipe ideas.
Holker Garden Festival 30th May
The event celebrates its 22nd anniversary with a great show of the very best of gardening, making it one of the most popular events in gardening.
National Garden Day 28th August
Holker once again opens its gardens in aid of the disadvantaged. For just a small donation you can take a tour with our garden guide.
Winter Market 8th November
This is an event for all the family. Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while enjoying a live music show and nice street entertainment.
2. How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester?
A. 20 minutes.
B. 25 minutes.
C. 45 minutes.
D. 90 minutes.
3. How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit Hall & Gardens?
A. £12.00.
B. £9.00.
C. £8.00.
D. £5.50.
（选自2018年全国卷III阅读理解A篇）
【分析】本文的题材是旅游广告，是一篇应用文。文章介绍了游览霍尔克庄园的游客须知和四项特别的活动。
2. 根据文章的How to Get to Holker部分中的By Car: Follow brown signs on A590 from J36, M6. ... Manchester — 1 hour 30 minutes可知，游客从Manchester开车到Holker大约用一个半小时，也就是90分钟，故选D项。
3. 根据文章的Admission Charges部分中的Hall & Gardens一列与Groups一行的交叉点可知，旅游团的一个成员游览Hall & Gardens所需要的费用为£9.00，故选B项。
