Lesson 26 The best art critics
【New words and expressions】（13）
art n. 艺术
critic n. 评论家
paint v. 画
pretend v. 假装
pattern n. 图案
curtain n. 窗帘，幕布
material n. 材料
appreciate v. 鉴赏
notice v. 注意到
whether conj. 是否
hang v. 悬挂，吊
critically adv. 批评地
upside down 上下颠倒地（两个同样的音连在一起时, 前面的音声去不读）
★art n. 艺术
art student 艺术系的学生
I am an art student. （[] 注意连读, 增加了[] 的音）
English student 学英语的学生
student of England 英国学生
art gallery 艺术画廊 (gallery [] n. 长廊, 游廊；画廊)
black art [] 巫术
artist [] n. 艺术家
artiste [] n. 艺人
★critic n. 评论家
criticise v. 批评, 批判(主要指批判, 但不完全是责备的意思)
He criticised my painting.
criticism [] n. 批评, 批判
critical adj. 挑剔的
You are critical.
critically adv. 爱挑剔的
★paint v. 画
draw a picture 用线条画
paint a picture 强调油画
painting n. 画
oil painting 油画 ；Chinese painting 中国国画
Beijing opera 国戏, 京剧
★pretend v. 假装
pretend to do sth. 假装……
When his mother came in,the baby pretended to go to sleep.
pretend that +从句 假装……
★pattern n. 图案
① n. 图案
pattern drills
② n. 模式, 典范
★material n. 材料
listening material 听力材料
★appreciate v. 鉴赏 ＝ understand and enjoy
appreciate sth. 感激……
I appreciate your help. 我很感激你的帮助
appreciate doing sth. 我很喜欢做某事
enjoy v. 欣赏，得到享受，乐趣
I like…
I love…
I enjoy…
I appreciate… （程度一个比一个深）
I like sth.
I like sth. very much.
I like sth. better.
I like sth. best.
★notice v. 注意到
① vt. 注意到，察觉到（不用进行时）
You never notice what’s going on around you.
notice 细节上的注意, 往往是别人没注意的东西, 你注意到了, 细节上的东西
I notice the beauty spot.(美人痣)
pay attention to 思想上的注意
② n. 注意，察觉
The girl in red caught his notice.
③ n.（书面的）通知，布告，海报
I know there’s a meeting, because someone put up a notice outside the Town Hall.
★whether conj. 是否
if在表示“是否”的时候可以被whether所取代；if在表示“如果”的时候不可以用whether取代
whether…or not =if
If it will rain… (不是条件状语从句, 故可以用将来时will)
=Whether it will rain…/Whether it will rain or not…(可以加 “not” )
I wondered if it will rain.(不加 “not” )
★hang v. 悬挂, 吊
① vt.&vi（将……）悬挂，吊
A pretty curtain hangs over the window.
hang — hung — hung v. 悬挂
The coat was hung.
hang — hanged — hanged v. 绞死, 吊死
The thief was hanged.
② vt.&vi 垂下
John was very tired. He sat in a chair and hung (down) his head.
③ vt.&vi安装……使能转动/摆动
Have you hung the door? 你把门装上了吗？
★upside down 上下颠倒地
① 上下颠倒
When he stands on his head, everything appears upside down to him.
② 乱七八糟，混乱不堪
My little boy always makes the room upside down.
These men have made the whole country upside down.
【Text】
I am an art student and I paint a lot of pictures. Many people pretend that they understand modern art. They always tell you what a picture is 'about'. Of course, many pictures are not 'about' anything. They are just pretty patterns. We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material. I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else. They notice more. My sister is only seven, but she always tells me whether my pictures are good or not. She came into my room yesterday.
'What are you doing?' she asked.
'I'm hanging this picture on the wall,' I answered. 'It's a new one. Do you like it?'
She looked at it critically for a moment. 'It's all right,' she said, 'but isn't it upside down?'
I looked at it again. She was right! It was!
参考译文
我是个学艺术的学生, 画了很多画. 有很多人装成很懂现代艺术的样子, 总是告诉你一幅画的 “意思” 是什么. 当然, 有很多画是什么 “意思” 也没有的. 它们就是些好看的图案, 我们喜爱它们就像我们喜欢漂亮的窗帘布一样. 我觉得小孩子们往往比任何人都更能欣赏现代绘画, 他们观察到的东西更多. 我的妹妹只有7岁, 但她总能说出我的画是好还是坏. 昨天她到我房里来了.
【课文讲解】
1、They are just pretty patterns.
just在此处指“只是，仅仅（是）”
It was just a wrong number.
just另一个意思是“刚才，正好，正是”
It’s just six o’clock.
I’ve just heard the news.
2、We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material.
pretty curtain material 漂亮的窗帘布
in the same way that =as… 正如……一样
The son walked in the same way that/as his father walked.
I love you in the same way that I love my father.
I love you just in the same way that I love money.
in a way 以某种方式
3、I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else.
else跟在anyone,anything 等不定代词的后面，表示“另外/加、其它/他的、不同的”，else也可跟疑问代词连用，如 who else，what else
I can find nothing else here excep an old dictionary.
They can appreciate modern arts best.
better than anyone else 比其他任何人(表示最高级的含义)
用比较级表示最高级：
The teacher is the tallest.
The teacher is taller than anyone else. (“else”不能少, 把主语从“anyone”中排除)
The book is more expensive than anything else.
4、My sister is only seven, but she always tells me whether my pictures are good or not.
连接词whether…or not可以表示选择：
I don’t know whether you are interested (in it) or not.
You must help him, whether you like him or not.
不管你是否喜欢他，你（都）必须帮助他。
5、'I'm hanging this picture on the wall,' I answered.
the windows in the wall /picture on the wall 注意介词的不同
6、'It's all right,' she said, 'but isn't it upside down?'
Isn’t it upside down? ＝It’s upside down. 否定疑问句，没有否定的意思，起肯定作用，起强调作用，表达一种情绪
Aren't you lucky? 你真幸运
Isn't it a boy?
【Key structures】
一般现在时
一般现在时可以用于表述现在的特征或状态，也经常用于表述经常性的或习惯性的动作，或带有普遍性的情况，频度副词可有可无，一般现在时还用于表示普遍性真理。
和人的情绪相连, 跟人的状态相连, 跟人的思维活动相连的动词都不用进行时态，而用于一般现在时，这些动词是：appear，appreciate，be，believe，feel，find，forget，hear，know，like，look like，notice，remember，resemble，see，think，understand 等等
【Special Difficulties】
Speech marks引号
在书面语会话中，用引号（单引号或双引号）把实际的对话括起来。引号在英文当中第一次出现是单引号, 第二次出现是双引号, 英文当中的书名号用引号来替代
注意事项 :
① 引号位于一行之上, 它们应在句尾其他标点符号—如逗号、句号、问号—之外.
② 引语的第一个词以大写字母开头.
③ 在said, asked等词后面用逗号, 只有当它们位于句尾时, 才在它们的后面用句号.
④ 当said, asked等词置于引语之间时, 句子的后半部分以小写字母开始.
⑤ 当一个新的说话人开始讲话时, 要另起一个段落.
【Multiple choice questions】
4 What is it about? Tell me ___b___ .
a. what is it about b. what it is about
c. what about it is d. what about is it
疑问句的直接引语变间接引语要注意：
① 特殊疑问句由特殊疑问词引导
② 时态：主句的谓语动词是过去时时, 其从句的谓语动词应为相对应的时态
③ 疑问句变成间接引语时, 要变成陈述句语序
④ 人称的变化
Is it nine o'clock? /He asked me.
He asked me if/whether it was nine o'clock.
What about 中about 是介词, 后接名词或动词的ing形式, 不接句子
What about it?
5 She tells me ______ my pictures are good or not.
a. weather b. that c. if d. unless
没有一个答案是对的
直接引语变间接引语的连接词有３种：陈述句中的that；一般疑问句中的if/whether；特殊疑问句中的特殊疑问词
or not是否, that表示肯定
if不可以与or not 连用
unless conj. 除外, 如果不(不能用于间接引语连接)
You will fail unless you work harder. 你如果不更加努力工作，你将失败.
6 Do you like my picture? It's ___d___ .
a. a new b. one new c. new one d. a new one
A 缺名词；B 缺名词或位置错误；C 缺冠词
one 可以作代词, 还可以作数词
10 Young children often appreciate modern pictures. They ___d___ them.
a. estimate b. esteem c. value d. understand and enjoy
estimante v. 评估，评价；esteem v. 尊敬；value v. 认为……有价值
9 This curtain material is very good ___b___ .
a. clothes b. cloth c. substance d. matter
clothes n. 衣服（读音省略[] 的音）
cloth n. 布
11 They notice more. They ______ more.
a. remark b. observe c. say d. take care
在此句中, notice=observe
12 It's upside down. It isn't ___d___ .
a. up b. down c. the right way down d. the right way up
not the right way down = the right way up
upside down与the right way up意思相反
Lesson 27 A wet night
【New words and expressions】（15）
tent n. 帐篷
field n. 田地，田野
smell v. 闻起来
wonderful adj. 极好的
campfire n. 营火，篝火
creep v. 爬行
sleeping bag 睡袋
comfortable adj. 舒适的，安逸的
soundly adv. 香甜地
leap v. 跳跃，跳起
heavily adv. 大量地
stream n. 小溪
form v. 形成
wind v. 蜿蜒
right adv. 正好
★field n. 田地, 田野
in the field 在田野里
in one's field 在……领域
He is an expert in his field.
football field 足球场地
airfield 飞机场(介词用on)
★smell (smelled，smelt) v. 闻起来
① vt. 嗅，闻
I’m smelling the fish to see if it’s all right. 我正在闻这条鱼，看看它是否还新鲜。
I can smell something burning.
② vi. 闻起来有……气味，散发……气味
You smell of soap. 你身上有肥皂味。
smell 系动词, 接表语, 接形容词
The food smelt good. (不能说成 “smell well” , “well” 是副词, 身体好才用 “well” )
taste [] v. 尝起来
The food smelt good,and it tasted better.
sound v. 听起来
feel v. 感到
① 心理感到
I feel ill.
② 用手的感受
The blackbroad felt cold.
感官动词：look，taste，sound，smell，feel
You look fine.
You look better.
You look beautiful.
③ n. 气味
I can’t stand the smell in this room.
★wonderful adj. 极好的
Great ! (与物相连，口语中用得更多)
Excellent ! [] adj.卓越的, 极好的(与人相连)
She is an excellent teacher.
Outstanding ! (人) 好得站了出来
Brilliant! [] adj.灿烂的, 闪耀的, 有才气的
Fantastic!
★campfire n. 营火, 篝火
fire 可数也不可数 (一堆堆的火为可数, 炉子里的火为不可数)
★creep (crept，crept) v. 爬行 (蹑手蹑脚的) 也是平行的爬
creep out 蹑手蹑脚(别人不注意, 偷偷摸摸的)
climb v. 爬
climb the tree， climb up or down (上下爬)
crawl v. 平行地爬
The baby is crawling on the floor.
★sleeping bag 睡袋
动词加ing 变成形容词作定语有两个意思 :
① 正在…… 如：sleeping dog
passing plane 正在路过的飞机
② 用来做…… 如：leeping bag
listening material 听力材料； walking stick 拐杖
★soundly adv. 香甜地
sleep soundly 睡得很甜
表示睡觉的短语：go to bed 上床/go to sleep 睡觉/fall asleep坠入梦乡（fall为半联系动词）/sleep well睡得很好/sleep deeply 睡得很沉/fall fast asleep 睡得好香（fast asleep熟睡）
★leap v. 跳跃, 跳起
jump v. 跳
jump up and down 原地跳跃
leap v. 跳跃, 有距离(如从沟的这边跳到另一边, 位置变化)
Look before you leap. 三思而后行
leap year/month 闰年/月
skip v. 课文行的跳过去，单词，文章
Let us skip it?
★heavily adv. 大量地
rain/snow heavily 一般与雨雪连用
smoke heavily 烟瘾重
He smokes heavily.
★form v. 形成
① vi. 形成，产生
During the conversation, an idea formed in his mind.
Ice forms when it is cold enough. 如果冷到一定的程度，冰就会形成。
② n. 形状，外形
The ice cream is made in the form of a ball.
③ n. 表格
If you want to enter for the competition, you must fill in these forms.
如果你想报名参加比赛，你必须填写这些表格。
★wind (wound；wound) v. 蜿蜒
① [] v. 蜿蜒
wind one's way 蜿蜒而行
The road winds its way.
②[] n. 风；v. 刮风
★right adv. 正好
right 做副词时强调后边的形容词、副词、介词短语，不强调动词，可用just来替换
Right here. 就在这儿
“Right here waiting for you” 《在此等候》
I found my lost watch right in the graden. 我就在花园里找到了我丢失的手表
just like 正好； just as 正如
后边加代词时只能用just，如：just you 就是你了，不能用“right”代替
【Text】
Late in the afternoon, the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field. As soon as this was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire. They were all hungry and the food smelled good. After a wonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs by the campfire. But some time later it began to rain. The boys felt tired so they put out the fire and crept into their tent. Their sleeping bags were warm and comfortable, so they all slept soundly. In the middle of the night, two boys woke up and began shouting. The tent was full of water! They all leapt out of their sleeping bags and hurried outside. It was raining heavily and they found that a stream had formed in the field. The stream wound its way across the field and then flowed right under their tent!
参考译文
傍晚时分, 孩子们在田野中央搭起了帐篷. 这件事刚刚做完, 他们就在篝火上烧起了饭. 他们全都饿了, 饭菜散发出阵阵香味. 他们美美地吃了一顿饭后, 就围在营火旁讲起了故事, 唱起了歌. 但过了一阵子. 天下起雨来, 于是他们扑灭了篝火, 钻进了帐篷. 睡袋既暖和又舒服, 所以, 他们都睡得很香. 午夜前后, 有两个孩子醒了, 大声叫了起来. 原来帐篷里到处都是水!他们全都跳出睡袋, 跑到外面. 雨下得很大, 他们发现地上已经形成了一条小溪. 那小溪弯弯曲曲穿过田野, 然后正好从他们的帐篷底下流过去.
【课文讲解】
汉语与英文只有意义的对等, 没有字的对等
My idea is the same as yours. 我的想法与你一样的
I agree with you.(口语)
I think so.(口语)
1、A wet night
英文中表示 “湿” 的词：wet，damp，moist (湿的程度减少)
wet adj. 湿淋淋的（反义词是dry）
You are wet.
damp adj. 让人感觉不太舒服
moist [] adj. 潮湿的； n. 潮湿，稍湿（给人感觉舒服，如湿润）
moist cake 松软的蛋糕
moist eyes 水灵灵的眼睛
dreamy eyes 梦幻般的眼睛
humid adj. 指气候比较潮湿
2、Late in the afternoon, the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field.
late in the afternoon 傍晚
early in the morning 清早
put up =set up 搭建（强调搭，如搭个草棚等）
build 建（强调精心设计并且建造）
build a car 制造汽车 (一般不用 “make a car” )
make a desk
in the middle of 在……当中，在……中间（相对两边，既可以用于表示地理位置，又可以用于表示时间或在某个过程当中)
in the middle of the river 河中心
He heard someone shouting in the middle of the night.
Mary was in the middle of reading when her aunt arrived.
in the center of 在……中心，在……中部/中央（相对四面，一般用于表示地理位置，腹地）
在陆地的腹地用 “center”
Alice Spring is a small town in the centre of Australia.
3、As soon as this was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire.
open fire 在野外生的火, 篝火，盆火（指无遮盖的、没有围起来的火）
cook a meal 做一顿饭
4、After a wonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs by the campfire.
表示“在……之后”的句式：after+从句/doing/n.
after I arrived => After my arrival 在我到达之后
when the plane arrived => after the arrival of the plane
After his arrival, we have a party.
After the arrival of the flowers,I took them and went to my girlfriend's.
在……旁边：
at the door 门边, (紧挨着的)
sit at the table 桌边
by 在……旁边，靠近 (不会紧挨着的, 但也不会很远，通常指距离非常近)
Come and sit by me.
There are many trees by the river.
next to
He sits next to me./who is the next? （表示紧邻着的）
the next door to my house（next door 在隔壁）
beside = next to 与……相邻
next to /beside the village
near 在附近
near the village
5、But some time later it began to rain.
some time later 一段时间之后
some time earlier 一段时间之前
some time ago 一段时间以前
a few hours earlier 几小时前
later表示“后来、以后、过后”
He told me he would come again later (on).
I met her again a few days later.
6、The boys felt tired so they put out the fire and crept into their tent.
put out 人为的熄灭火
I put out the fire.
be out 火自动熄灭
The fire is out.
7、In the middle of the night, two boys woke up and began shouting.
in the middle of the night=midnight
at midnight 在午夜
the mid-autumn day 中秋节
wake up 醒来（主语自己醒）
wake sb. up 唤醒
开始干某事：begin doing/start doing/begin to do/start to do
8、It was raining heavily and they found that a stream had formed in the field.
如果强调某东西自动形成, 则可以用主动态, 如果强调某东西是人为的, 用被动态，在这里river formed 河流是自动形成
When I'm getting close to the door,the door opened. (自动门)
The door opened. 强调门自动开
The door was opened. 门被打开, 强调人为的
10、The stream wound its way across the field and then flowed right under their tent!
wind表示“曲折而行”时，既可以是及物动词，又可以是不及物动词
wound one's way 蜿蜒而行
The car wound through the village.
right在此处表示强调，意为“正好、恰恰、就”，这种用法多见于口语中：
I met him right here.
He hit the man right on the nose.
【Composition】
I am very tall(so)(but)I must be careful. Doorways are often low(and)(but)I usually(beat)(knock)my head against them. My head always(hurts)(pains). I have never(met)(recognized)a tall architect. Have you?
so，and，knock，hurts，met
doorways n. 门栏
knock/beat：knock 大声地撞；beet 持续的撞击/打
against prep. 相对作用的力 (在政治上叫 “反对” )
hurt/pain：身体的某一部位+hurts，表示某一部疼痛；pain 表示疼痛的名词
My hand hurts./I have a pain in my hand.
I have a pain.
meet 遇见 / recognize 认出 (原来熟悉再次认出的概念)
【Letter writing】
信头各部分的顺序如下：门牌号码、街名、城市名称、地区、国家和日期。只有给居住在国外的人写信时，才需要写上国名。
地址的每一行都以逗号结尾，最后一行用句号。在日期后面不用标点符号。
【Special Difficulties】
与put有关的短语动词：
put up with 容忍，忍受
I can’t believe that he can put up with this.
put up
① 搭建，搭建；
They put up their tent in the middle of a field.
② 安排住宿，为……提供膳宿，夜宿
It’s raining heavily. We must put them up tonight.
雨下得很大，我们今晚必须为他们安排住宿。
put out 扑灭
They put out the fire and crept into their tent.
put on 穿上
I’m putting on my coat.
put away 把……收好，放好
Your room is untidy, put your things away.
I have put away all my clothes.
put off 推迟，拖延
Don’t put your exercises off until tomorrow.
The meeting has been put off.
put down = write down 记下，写下，记录下
Have you put down the boss’s words?
【Multiple Choice】
6 They sang songs by the campfire. They sang songs ___b___ the campfire.
a. close b. near c. besides d. at
beside 在……旁边； besides 除……之外
close to 离……很近(必须要有 “to” )
close to me 离我很近
my closest friends 我最亲密的朋友
9 The boys had put out the campfire. The fire wasn't ___d___ .
a. switched on b. on fire c. on d. alight
be on 上演, 亮着的(一般指灯亮着的)
What's on in the cinema today?
The lights were on last night.
switch n. 开关；v. 用开关
The light was switched on. 强调通过开关打开的
on fire 起火
The house is on fire. 房子起火了
alight以a开头的形容词为表语形容词
The fire was out. 火熄灭了
Lesson 28 No parking
【New words and expressions】（7）
rare adj. 罕见的
ancient adj. 古代的，古老的
myth n. 神话故事
trouble n. 麻烦
effect n. 结果，效果
Medusa n. 美杜莎（古希腊神话中3位蛇发女怪这一）
Gorgon n. （古希腊神话）3位蛇发女怪之一（凡见其貌者都会变成石头）
★rare adj. 罕见的
① adj. 罕见的
rare 指世界上都少有
rare animal 稀有动物；rare bird 珍稀鸟类；rare illness 疑难杂症
scarce[] adj. 缺乏的，不足的，稀有的，不充足的（少有的，表示某个时间段或某个地方少有）
Watermelon is scarce in winter. （watermelon [] n. 西瓜）
② adj. 几乎是生的
well done 全熟
medium adj. 半生半熟的
★ancient adj. 古代的, 古老的
ancient Egypt [] [] 古埃及
antique adj. 古代的，古玩，古董，古老而有价值的
antique furniture 古董家具
★myth n. 神话故事
fairy n. 神仙故事
★trouble n. 麻烦
① n. 麻烦
I'm sorry to put you in trouble. 我很抱歉给你带来麻烦(口语)
ask for trouble 自找麻烦
He is asking for trouble.
have trouble in doing sth. 在做……时遇到麻烦（书面语）
I have trouble (in) parking the car.
=I have a lot of trouble parking the car.
② v. 麻烦
Woman/Man/Child troubles. 女人/男人/孩子真麻烦。
Never trouble troubles until troubles trouble you. 永远不要自寻烦恼
Let sleeping dog lie. 不要自找麻烦 (let sb. do sth.)
★effect n. 结果, 效果
have an effect 有效果
have no effect 没有效果
have effect on 对……有效果
The advice has no effect on me.
【Text】
Jasper White is one of those rare people who believe in ancient myths. He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners. When he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate. Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once. Jasper has put up 'No Parking' signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect. Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon. Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone. But none of them has been turned to stone yet!
参考译文
贾斯珀.怀特是少有的相信古代神话的人之一. 他刚在城里买下一所新房子, 但自从搬进去后, 就和汽车及车主们发生了磨擦. 当他夜里回到家时, 总是发现有人把车停在他家大门外. 为此, 他甚至一次也没能把自己的车开进车库. 贾斯珀曾把几块 “禁止停车” 的牌子挂在大门外边, 但没有任何效果. 现在他把一个丑陋的石雕头像放在了大门上边, 这是我见过的最丑陋的头像之一. 我问他那是什么?他告诉我那是蛇发女怪美杜莎. 贾斯珀希望她把汽车和车主们都变成石头. 但到目前为止还没有一个变成石头呢!
【课文讲解】
1、Jasper White is one of those rare people who believe in ancient myths.
one of +名词/代词 其中之一（of后面的名词必须是复数，但与这个结构连用的动词必须是单数）
One of your friends is waiting for you now.
如果在定语从句中出现了one of作为先行词, 它后边的关系代词指代的是后面的复数名词；如果在one of前面还有一修饰词 (the) only,那么后边的关系代词将指代one这个词, 才作单数看
He is the only one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.
one of 直接作主语的时候, 它是做单数看待的
One of the answers is ture.
One of those people is good.
believe vt. 相信，认为
Do you believe that cats eat grass?
believe in 信任，信赖（人格、力量等）；信仰；相信……的存在，相信……的价值
I believe in God. 我信仰上帝。
I’ve never believed in John.
2、He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.
ever since =since 从那以后一直（ever since的语气比since强，主句一般用完成时）
I’ve been interested in flying ever since I was a boy.
He left the village last year and has never returned ever since.
have trouble doing 做……有麻烦
have trouble with sb. 和某人相处有麻烦
I have trouble with my roommate.
3、Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once.
because只能作连词用，后面接从句
You can’t remember his name, because you aren’t really thinking.
because of 由于，介词短语，后面不可以跟从句，只能跟名词、代词或动词 “-ing”
He came back early because of the rain.
be able to 的主语一般都是人, 表示有能力去做；can表示天生的或学到的能力时，只能用于现在时和过去时（could），而不可用于将来时。将来时中表示能力时必须用be able to。在现在时和过去时中，can/could与be able to一般可以互换，在完成时中一般用be able to。
Tom is only 9 months old and he is already able to stand up.
I’ll be able to pass my driving test after I’ve had a few lessons.
get sth. into 把……弄进
get his car into his garage
drive the car into 把车子撞上……
I drove the car into the wall /tree.
even once 甚至一次（even 起强调）
4、It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen.
“I have ever seen” 做定语从句, 修饰前边的faces
如果关系词在从句中做宾语, 关系词可以省略, 所以 I 前的which被省略
This is the most difficult thing I have ever done.
This is the most terrible news I have ever heard.
有两个结构一定用最高级：
of+范围
of all the students
in+地点
He is the tallest in the room.
5、Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone.
hope 的后面加that从句
turn sth. to… 把前者变成后者
turn the prince to a frog
He was turned to a frog.
They have turned the famous beauty spot to/into an ugly place.
6、But none of them has been turned to stone yet!
none of，neither of做主语时做单数看待
【Composition】
My wife (drives) (leads) a car. She has (driven) (ridden) a car for many years (and) (but) she says that women drivers (do not deserve) (are not worth) their bad reputation. Yet, on the road, she often (criticizes) (judges) other women drivers.
drives/driven/and/do not deserve/criticizes
reputation [] n.名誉, 名声
judge [] n.法官, 审判员, 裁判员, 鉴赏家, 鉴定人, (J-)最高的审判者 vt.审理, 鉴定, 判断, 判决, 断定, 认为 vi.下判断, 作评价
【Key structures】
Wht has happened? 现在完成时
与现在完成时连用的副词和副词短语：before(now)，so far，up to/till now，just，already，now，ever，never，since和for等，since一般与一个时间点连用，for一般与时间段连用。
【Special Difficulties】
关系从句及关系代词
关系从句又可称为定语从句或形容词从句，它像形容词一样可以形容人、物及事件。关系从句可分为限定性关系从句（不带逗号）和非限定性关系从句（带逗号）。
表示人的关系代词：who，whom，that，whose（口语中whom经常由who代替）
表示事物和动物的关系代词：which，that
关系代词可以有四个概念 :
① 代人的, 做主语或宾语who，只做宾语的whom
② 代物的, 做主语或宾语 which
③ 代人的也可以代物的 做主语或宾语 that
④ whose其代表的东西由其在句子中的成分决定(不一定指人)
关系代词后面要加从句，先行词放在定语从句前面, 而且是两句话共同含有的词, 还是被定语从句修饰的词
I have a book that/which he likes.( “book” 为先行词 “that/which” 为关系代词)
关系代词有两个功能 : 一是承上, 一是启下(如上句中的 “book” 作从句的宾语)
The boy who is standing at the door is my brother.
I can do anything that I can do. 我愿意做我力所能及的事情来帮助你
The boat whose name is...
I have a house whose windows are broken. 我有一个房子, 房子的窗户都破了.
关系代词在关系从句中作宾语时往往可以省略，作主语时则不可以。
The millionaire whose son ran away from home a week ago is not a kink father.
whose 后面一定要加一个名词, 然后这个部分共同做主语或宾语
The boy whose sister is standing at the door is my brother.
妹妹站在门口的男孩是我弟弟
The pilot whose plane landed in a field was not hurt.
把飞机降落在田里的飞行员没有受伤
He is the right person I am looking for.
Exersise(在需要的地方填上who, which, that或whose)
1 The only games ______ I play are football and tennis.
不填 （如果要填只能是that, 在从句中作宾语可省略）
先行词如果用only, 序数词, 形容词最高级修饰, 其后边的关系词只用that
4 This is the hotel at ______ we are staying.
which
句中的 “at” 原来在 “staying” 的后边
介词后加物的话, 只加which,加人的话, 用whom, 都不可用that,who也不能
She is the girl who/whom/that I stayed with. (句中 “who/whom/that” 可省略)
She is the girl with whom I stayed.
That is the house in which I live.
6 That is the horse ______ won the race.
which
选which , 不能用that，句子中用词避免重复, 句首已有了一个 “that” , 故选 “which” 而不是 “that”
Who is the man that is helping you? 谁是那个正在帮助你的人?（不用“who”避免重复）
7 He is the sort of person ______ everyone admires.
不填
person 是先行词, 在从句中做宾语
【Multiple choice questions】
6.It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I've never seen ___d___
a. an ugly one b.an ugliest one c. the ugliest one d.an uglier one
比较级来表达最高级的概念：
better than anything else 最好
The teacher is the tallest in the room.
The teacher is taller than anyone else in the room.
I have never seen a taller one.
I have never bought a more expensive one.
This is the cleanest street I have ever seen. 这是我所见过的最干净的街道了.
7 ___b___ of them has been turned to stone.
a. No one b. Not one c. No d. Even one
no 是形容词, 后加名词
no one =nobody (“nobody” 指的是人, 它将 “cars” 排除了是不对的)，不定代词后不用of
可以用的有 : neither of/none of/both of/all of
none of =not one of
9 He is a rare person. You ___c___ meet such people.
a. often b. never c. seldom d. sometimes
rarely=seldom 几乎不做
rarely [] adv.很少地, 罕有地
seldom [] adv.很少, 不常
10 Not all car owners are good ___d___ .
a. guides b. conductors c. leaders d. drivers
not all 不是所有的（部分否定概念）
Not all students are good.
Not all children are naughty.
12 The signs haven't had any effect. They haven't ___a___ anyone.
a. affected b. effected c. resulted in d. imposed
effect n. 影响
have effect 有效果
affect v. 影响
Lesson 29 Taxi!
【New words and expressions】（10）
taxi n. 出租汽车
Pilatus Porter 皮勒特斯 波特（飞机名）
land v. 着陆 (不及物)
plough v. 耕地
lonely adj. 偏僻的, 人迹罕见的(地方)
Welsh adj. 威尔士的
roof n. 楼顶 (从外面看)
block n. 块, 一座大楼
flat n. 公寓房
desert v. 废弃
★taxi n. 出租汽车
taxi driver 出租车司机
take a taxi，take a bus，take a lift
★land vi. 着陆
Whose plane landed in the field?
★plough [] v. 耕地
plough n. 梨；v. 耕, 犁, 犁耕, 费力穿过, 艰苦前进, 在考试中淘汰
farm n. 农田，家场
★lonely adj. 偏僻的, 人迹罕见的(地方)
lonely adj. 孤独的, 孤僻的(人)
She felt lonely. 她感到孤独（主观）
alone [] adj. 单独的, 独一无二的, 孤独的, 独自的；adv. 独自地
She is alone. 她独自一个人（事实, 客观）
★roof n. 楼顶（从外面看）
raise the roof v. 喧闹, 大声抱怨
ceiling n. 天花板（从里面看）
hit the ceiling 勃然大怒, 暴跳如雷, 怒发冲冠（美口语）
★block n. 块, 一座大楼
★flat n. 公寓房
a block of flats 公寓楼 (英国英语)
a block of apartments 公寓楼(美语，apartment n. 公寓)
office block 办公楼 写字楼
★desert [] v. 废弃
① [] v. 废弃
desert the house = let the room empty
② [] n. 沙漠, 不毛之地
【Text】
Captain Ben Fawcett has bought an unusual taxi and has begun a new service.The 'taxi' is a small Swiss aeroplane called a 'Pilatus Porter'. This wonderful plane can carry seven passengers. The most surprising thing about it, however, is that it can land anywhere: on snow, water, or even on a ploughed field. Captain Fawcett's first passenger was a doctor who flew from Birmingham to a lonely village in the Welsh mountains. Since then, Captain Fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual places. Once he landed on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he landed in a deserted car park. Captain Fawcett has just refused a strange request from a businessman. The man wanted to fly to Rockall, a lonely island in the Atlantic Ocean, but Captain Fawcett did not take him because the trip was too dangerous.
参考译文
本.弗西特机长买了一辆不同寻常的出租汽车, 并开始了一项新的业务. 这辆 “出租汽车” 是一架小型瑞士飞机, 叫 “皮勒特斯.波特” 号. 这架奇妙的飞机可以载7名乘客. 然而, 最令人惊奇的是它能够在任何地方降落 : 雪地上, 水面上, 甚至刚耕过的田里. 弗西特机长的第一名乘客是位医生, 他从伯明翰飞往威尔士山区一个偏僻的村庄. 从那时开始, 弗西特机长已经载送乘客到过许多不寻常的地方. 一次, 他把飞机降落在了一栋公寓楼的屋顶上; 还有一次, 降落在了一个废弃的停车场上. 弗西特机长刚刚拒绝了一位商人的奇怪要求. 这个人想要飞往大西洋上的一个孤岛 -- 罗卡尔岛, 弗西特机长之所以不送他去, 是因为那段飞行太危险了.
【课文讲解】
1、The 'taxi' is a small Swiss aeroplane called a 'Pilatus Porter'.
called a ‘Pilatus Porter’是过去分词短语,作aeroplane的定语。一般过去分词短语作定语时要放在所修饰的名词/代词之后，而一个单独的分词作定语时则往往放在所修饰的名词/代词前面。
He landed in a deserted car park.
a race across the Atlantic
call sb. sth. 叫某人……
be called 被称为……
The instrument was called a clavichord.
过去分词做定语时是作为被动状态来翻译的
I have an instrument called a clavichord.
a ploughed field 被耕过的田； a deserted car park 被废弃的车场
written English 书面语 ；spoken English 口语
colloquial language 口语
2、The most surprising thing about it, however, is that it can land anywhere: on snow, water, or even on a ploughed field.
that 从句在此处是表语从句。宾语从句中的that可省略；定语从句中的关系词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。
The most surprising thing is that… （surprising 可以由其它词替换）
The most exciting thing is that we can win the football match.
The happiest thing is that I can visit/see/(stay with) mother during the Spring Festival. (the Spring Festival 春节)
To one’s surprise, …
3、Since then, Captain Fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual places.
since then 从那时起（强调起点）
so far =up to now 强调终点
★fly
① vi. 飞，飞行
The aeroplane is flying over the river.
② vt. 空运（乘客）
fly sb./sth. To… 开飞机送某人/物去……
He has flown his car to France.
drive sb. to… 开车送某人去……
My friend drove me to Tianjin.
4、Once he landed on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he landed in a deserted car park.
once…and on another occasion 一次……还有一次……
Once I met him on the street and on another occasion I met him in the library.
5、Captain Fawcett has just refused a strange request from a businessman.
request from sb. 来自某人的请求
request for sth. 要求得到
6、The man wanted to fly to Rockall, a lonely island in the Atlantic Ocean, but Captain Fawcett did not take him because the trip was too dangerous.
take sb. to … 送某人……
too 在副词或形容词前表示否定含义，强调程度大到了人们不愿去做
too expensive 太贵了（买不起）
very 强调程度深
You are very kind.
very expensive 很贵，但买得起
dangerous [] adj. 危险的
【Composition】
The plane (not only) (neither) (flew) (threw) close to the river, (but) (or) also flew under a bridge. (Then) (However) it (climbed) (ran) into the air. The people on the bridge (waved) (shook) to the pilot (and) (yet) he did not (notice) (look after) them.
not only，flew，but，Then，climbed(ran也对, 但没有climb表达更确切)，waved，yet，notice
【Key structures】
一般过去时和现在完成时
一般过去时往往强调动作本身，而现在完成时则表示始于过去并持续到现在的动作或表示过去不确定的时间发生过的并与现在有某种联系的动作。
I hope you washed them before you ate them.
Up till now, I have never been abroad before.
【Special Difficulties】
Refuse and Deny
refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事
I offered to pay him for his help but he refused (payment).
deny doing sth. / deny that +从句 否认（指控、做过某事等）
The secretary denies that she has stolen the letter.
当refuse作为及物/不及物动词表示“拒绝接受”时，不可与deny混用；当refuse作为及物动词表示“拒绝给予、拒绝要求”时，它与deny可以互相替换。
All those not holding tickets will be refused /denied entry. 无票者不得入内。
Bring，Take与Fetch
bring v. 从某处将某物“带来”，离说话人越来越近
He brought the book with him when he came to see me.
take v. 拿走，离说话人越来越远
He took the book with him when he left.
fetch v. 去某地将某物“取来”，是个双程动作，去了再来(双向动作)
Please fetch me a glass of water.
Very and Too
very adv. 很，非常（very描述状况，不涉及后果）
I arrived very late but I caught the train.
too adv. 太，过于（too表示“太……”，以至于引起某种后果）
I arrived too late and I missed the train.
【Multiple choice questions】
3. The‘taxi’is a small Swiss aeroplane ___c___ called a‘Pilatus Porter’.
a. who is b. whom is c. which is d. whose is
动词的-ing形式有主动含义, ed形式有被动含义，它们作定语时等同于定语从句
a passing plane = a plane which is passing
4 This is the most surprising thing about it. It is ___b___ than anything.
a. most surprising b. more surprising
c. more surprised d. most surprised
本句应表达为：It is more surprising than anything else.（else不能省略, 句子才严密）
5 He flew a doctor to a Welsh village. ___d___ he has flown to many unusual places.
a. From then b. By then c. By that time d. Since that time
from then 从……起 (没有终点)； from…to… 从……到……
since then = from then on 从……起(到现在为止)
by then 到……止； by that time 到……止
9 The ploughed field is ready for ___b___ .
a. sewing b. sowing c. seeding d. growing
be ready for/to… 为……作准备
“seed”种植，只与播种子相联系, 一般作名词, 强调把种子种下去；而“sow”种植，只说明把...种下去, 并不一定是 “种子”
11 Captain Fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual ___c___ .
a. parts b. pieces c. spots d. sections
spot=place (点, 地点)
part n. 部分
a piece of = a sheet of 一张 ；a piece of = a bit of 一块
Lesson 30 Football or polo?
【New words and expressions】（8）
polo n. 水球
Wayle n. 威尔（河名）
cut v. 穿过
row v. 划（船）
kick v. 踢
towards prep. 朝，向
nearly adv. 几乎
sight n. 眼界，视域
★cut v. 穿过
① vt. &vi. 切，割，剪
Would you please cut the cake in half?
I read this story in the paper this morning and cut it out for you.
今天上午我在报纸上读到这个故事便给你剪下来了。
cut one's hair = have a hair cut 理发
cut the tree 砍树
cut down the tree = cut the tree down 砍倒树
cut the head off 砍脑袋 (off = away from)
cut off electricity 切断电源
cut sth. into pieces 把……切成小片(碎)
② vt. 割破，划破
cut oneself 割伤自己
③ vi. 横穿，穿越（介词用across/through）
cut across/through 直着穿过
The road cuts across/through the forest.
cut a corner 走捷径，超近路
When you learn English, never cut a corner.
No pains, no gains.
★row v. 划(船)
① vt.& vi. 划船
My brother is rowing. 划船 （row强调动作）
go boating 去划船（强调玩）
② vt. 划船载运
Can you row me up/across the river? 你能划船将我送到河的上游/对岸吗？
He rowed her home. 他划船把她送回家。
★kick v. 踢
kick me 踢我一脚
kickback n. 回扣, 佣金
I get a kickback of 2000 Yuan.
kick upstairs 明升暗降
He was kicked upstairs.
well to go (美语) = well done (英语) 做得不错
★sight n. 眼界, 视域
catch sight of… 看见
catch sight of the bird =see the bird 看见那只鸟
out of sight 在视线之外
Out of sight, out of mind. 眼不见心不烦
in sight 在视线之内
The bird is in sight.
long sighted 眼光长远, 远视眼
sb. is long sighted
short sighted 目光短浅, 近视
【Text】
The Wayle is a small river that cuts across the park near my home. I like sitting by the Wayle on fine afternoons. It was warm last Sunday, so I went and sat on the river bank as usual. Some children were playing games on the bank and there were some people rowing on the river. Suddenly, one of the children kicked a ball very hard and it went towards a passing boat. Some people on the bank called out to the man in the boat, but he did not hear them. The ball struck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water. I turned to look at the children, but there weren't any in sight: they had all run away! The man laughed when he realized what had happened. He called out to the children and threw the ball back to the bank.
参考译文
威尔河是横穿过我家附近公园的一条小河. 我喜欢在天气晴朗的下午到河边坐坐. 上星期日天气很暖和. 于是我和往常一样, 又去河边坐着. 河岸上有些孩子正在玩耍, 河面上有些人正在划船. 突然, 一个孩子狠狠地踢了一脚球, 球便向着一只划过来的小船飞去. 岸上的一些人对着小船上的人高喊, 但他没有听见. 球重重地打在他身上, 使他差点儿落入水中. 我转过头去看那些孩子, 但一个也不见, 全都跑了!当那个人明白了发生的事情时, 笑了起来. 他大声叫着那些孩子, 把球扔回到岸上.
【课文讲解】
1、I like sitting by the Wayle on fine afternoons.
like to do sth. 喜欢……（一次性的）
I like to drink tea.
like doing sth. 喜欢……（习惯性的）
I like drinking water.
on afternoons 餐 每逢下午
2、It was warm last Sunday, so I went and sat on the river bank as usual.
as usual 和往常一样
3、Some people on the bank called out to the man in the boat, but he did not hear them.
call out 大声呼叫，叫喊
I heard someone calling out for help.
call out to sb. 对……大声喊
Mary called out to her father, but he was too far away and couldn’t hear her.
4、The ball struck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water.
so…that… 如此……以致于…… (that 引导的结果状语从句)
The teacher speaks so fast that I can't catch the word.
My brother walks so slowly that he can't catch up with me. (赶不上)
The English is so easy that I can learn it well.
so的后面跟副词或形容词, 如后跟名词时要用such +n. +that…
5、I turned to look at the children, but there weren't any in sight: they had all run away!
in sight 看得见，在视野之内（反义词为out of sight）
There were not anything in sight.
No bus is in sight.
In the afternoon, we came in sight of the village.
【Composition】
The wind(threw)(blew)his hat into the river. He(put)(took)out his hand (and) (but)tried to (reach)(catch)it(so)(but) he could not(so) (but) he(jumped) (fell) into the river(and)(but) got it.
blew 吹 ，take out 拿出（put out 扑灭）， and，reach够得着（catch 接住 抓住）， but，so，jump 自己跳 (fall 掉进去)，and
【Summary writing 】
4.The man in the boat neither saw the ball nor heard people shouting.
6.However,the man was not angry and he threw the ball back to the bank.
but连接两个句子, 中间可用逗号隔开；however只是副词, 只表示意思上得转折, 它可以放在句首也可以放在句中, 只是用一个逗号把它和其他的词隔开就可以
【Key structures】
The, Some and Any
some不用于否定句，any通常用于否定句和疑问句，some在表示邀请的语气中或在疑问句中如果所期望的回答是肯定的，可以取代any
Do you want some? / Would you want something?
Do you want any drink? 你想要喝点什么吗?(不愿意给别人喝)
Would you want some to drink?
在姓名、地名、国名（非复合词）前面通常不加任何冠词。但在特指的海洋、河流、山脉以及部分复合词形式的国名前，一定要用定冠词the；在表示世界上独一无二的东西时，通常要加定冠词the.
It can get very rough in the Mediterranean. 地中海中可能会非常不平静.
Many great cities are built on rivers. Paris is on the Seine, London is on the Thames and Rome is on the Tiber.
许多大城市都建在河岸上. 巴黎在塞纳河上, 伦敦在泰晤士河上, 罗马在第伯尔河上.
I know a man who has been on climbing expeditions in many parts of the world. He has climbed in the Alps, the Himalayas, and the Rocky Mountains.
我认识一个参加过世界各地登山探险的人. 他曾攀登过阿尔卑斯山、喜马拉雅山和洛矶山.
在such后面用a/an，可以起强调作用
I’ve never seen such a strong wind before.
Exercises D (在必要的地方填上冠词a或the)
1 ______ refrigerators are necessary in ______ hot countries.
2 Which river is ______ longest, ______ Nile, ______ Amazon, or ______ Mississippi?
3 Heyerdahl crossed ______ Pacific on ______ raft.
4 Why is ______ Britain sometimes called ______ United Kingdom?
5 We sailed up ______ Red Sea and then went through ______ Suez Canal.
1.不填
in hot countries: 指的是炎热的那类国家, 故不用 the
2. the，the，the，the
Nile 尼罗河 ； Amazon 亚马逊河 ； Missisippi 密西西比河
3.the，a
the Atlantic 大西洋
raft n. 木筏子（如用by，则不用加任何修饰by raft，用“on，in”一般都要加“the，a/an”，这里指的是这一类，没特指，故加“a”）
4. \，the
如果以单个的词作为国家, 基本上不加the,比方说China,America,Britain,一旦这个词成为缩略形式, 前面就要加the，如：the USA
5.the，the
横渡海峡用“across”；和运河相连介词用through，不用 “across”
【Multiple choice questions】
4. It cuts across the park. It goes ___a___ it.
a. through b. over c. round d. along
round 围绕 ；along 沿着
across 从……的表面穿过
across the grass
through 从……的内部穿过
go through the market 穿过市场
over 在……上方，与下面没接触，over 在用于穿越讲时，表示穿过弧形
over the bridge, over the mountains, over the hill
7. There weren't any in sight. They ___c___ .
a. couldn't see b. hadn't seen c. couldn't be seen d. weren't seen
see 为及物动词, 一般后面一定要加宾语；look 为不及物动词
10 The man in the boat didn't ___a___ anyone shouting.
a. hear b. listen to c. mind d. take care of
hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人正在做某事
I heard my sister singing.
网友提供，如侵删。
