Lesson 31 Success story
【New words and expressions】（8）
retire v. 退休
company n. 公司
bicycle n. 自行车
save v. 积蓄
workshop n. 车间
helper n. 帮手，助手
employ v. 雇佣
grandson n. 孙子
★retire v. 退休
retire =stop working =stop doing this
He is getting old, He is going to retire. 他越来越老, 他打算退休了
I'm going to retire next year. 我明年会退出影坛或歌坛
I'm so tired that I'm going to retire now. (retire = go to bed)
★company n. 公司
firm n. 商行
corporation n. 责任公司
limited corporation 有限责任公司（缩略形式：Ltd.Co）
business n. 生意，公司
He works in my business. 他在我的公司工作
★save vt. 积蓄
① vt. 挽救，救助，拯救
save one's life
The doctor saved the child’s life.
They saved the child from the fire.
save one's face 挽会面子
② vt. 积蓄，储蓄
He used to save letters.
save money 存钱
He saved (money) for years to buy a car.
西方人不喜欢提钱, 所以用 save up 表示存钱
I have saved up for many years. 我已经存了好几年的钱
Save it for a rainy day. 未雨绸缪, 为将来需要而做好准备
★workshop n. 车间
workshop n. 车间（工作并且可以拿出来卖）
workhouse n. 感化院（强迫劳动的地方）
★helper n. 帮手, 助手
assistant n. 助理
★employ v. 雇佣
employee n. 雇员 ；employer n. 雇主
trainer n. 教练 ；trainee n. 接受训练的人
【Text】
Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man. Before he retired, Frank was the head of a very large business company, but as a boy he used to work in a small shop. It was his job to repair bicycles and at that time he used to work fourteen hours a day. He saved money for years and in 1958 he bought a small workshop of his own. In his twenties Frank used to make spare parts for aeroplanes. At that time he had two helpers. In a few years the small workshop had become a large factory which employed seven hundred and twenty-eight people. Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success. He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in. She wanted him to repair their grandson's bicycle!
参考译文
昨天下午弗兰克.霍金斯向我讲述了他年轻时的经历. 在退休前, 弗兰克是一家非常大的商业公司的经理, 但他小时候却在一家小铺里做工. 他那时的工作是修理自行车, 并且通常是一天工作14个小时. 他靠多年积蓄, 于1958年买下了自己的一个小铺子. 20多岁的时候, 弗兰克曾生产飞机零配件. 那时他有两个帮手. 几年之后, 小铺子已经发展成了一个雇有728人的大工厂. 弗兰克回想着他早年的艰难经历和走过的漫长的成功之路, 微笑了. 他正笑着的时候门开了, 他的妻子走了进来. 她叫他去修理孙子的自行车.
【课文讲解】
1、Before he retired, Frank was the head of a very large business company, but as a boy he used to work in a small shop.
head是“首领、头目”的意思，“the head of+名词”的意思是“……的老板，头”
John is the head of the family. 一家之主
Frank is the head of the firm. 弗兰克是那家公司的总裁。
used to do sth. 过去常常, 但是现在不做
My teacher used to live there. 我的老师过去住在那(现在不住了)
He lived there. 他过去住在那(不知道现在是否住在那)
work…as… 作为……工作
He used to work as a teacher.
as a boy = as he was a boy （as的意思是“当……的时候”）
as a young man 当他年轻的时候
2、It was his job to repair bicycles and at that time he used to work fourteen hours a day.
at that time =just then =at that moment 那时
3、He saved money for years and in 1958 he bought a small workshop of his own.
of one's own 自己的，属于自己的（own为代词）
Do you have a house of your own?
my own book (own 起强调作用, 自己的)
用of one's own 或 one's own 由被修饰词的位置决定, 如果被修饰名词在前边, 用of one's own, 如果被修饰名词在后边, 用one's own
4、In his twenties Frank used to make spare parts for aeroplanes.
in one's -ies 在某人几十岁的时候
in one's twenties/thirties/forties/fifties/nineties，十的倍数的复数形式可用于表达近似的、非确定的数量，与所有格形容词连用时表示大约的年龄。
in my fifties 在我五十多岁的时候
In his fifties, he learned the second language.
in the 1980s 在二十世纪八十年代
I worked /began the job in the 1990s.
5、In a few years the small workshop had become a large factory which employed seven hundred and twenty-eight people.
has become 成长为……
in a few years 在一些年之后
…factory which employed… 工厂雇佣……（除了人可以雇佣外，工厂、公司也可以这样表达)
6、Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success.
one’s hard early years =early in one’s life 某人的早年艰辛（生活）
the long road to success 通往成功的长路
There is a long way to go. 还有很长的路要走。
remember v. 记得, 回忆起
memory n. 记忆 ；memorize v. 记住
【Key structures】
过去进行时与一般过去时
过去进行时表示过去某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作，和一般过去时经常在一个句子里使用。与一般过去时相比，它更强调动作的持续性，一般过去时则表示比较短暂的动作或事件。在叙述故事时，过去进行时往往用来表示背景。
When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.
As I was getting on the bus, I slipped and hurt my foot.
used to do
used to do表示过去有过但现在已不存在的习惯，以便将过去与现在形成对照。它后面经常用由but now…，but not…any more/any longer等构成的、用了一般现在时的句子以强调过去和现在的不同之处。
I used to smoke, but I don’t any more/longer.
He used to be a postman a long time ago. He's a taxi driver now.
很久以前他曾是个邮递员, 现在他是个出租车司机.
I have given up smoking. I used to smoke very heavily.
我已经戒烟了, 过去我吸烟很厉害.
I used to collect stamps when I was a boy.
当我还是个小男孩时, 我常搜集邮票.
used to仅用于一般过去。它的疑问句和否定句形式可以不用助动词do而用used本身。
Used he to smoke?
He usedn’t /used not to smoke.
但比较常用的形式是did和didn’t
Did he use to smoke?
He didn’t use to smoke.
在针对used to提问时，一般也用did：
I used to be a good swimmer.
Did you really? I didn’t even know you could swim.
【Special Difficulties】
Experience
① n. 经历(可数名词)
He told me about his experiences as a young man.
② n. 经验(不可数名词)
They want someone with a lot of experience for this job.
Does she have any experience in teaching?
③ vt. 经验，体验
The village has experienced great changes since 1980.
experienced adj. 有经验的，经验丰富的
John is an experienced driver.
Save
① vt.& vi. 救助，搭救，拯救
save one's life 挽救某人的生命
The doctor saved the child’s life.
save one's face 挽回面子
② vt.& vi. 储蓄，积攒
save money 存钱（多余的钱）
He saved (money) for years to buy a car.
save it for a rainy day 未雨绸缪
economize [] v.经济，节省（能不用的就不用，节衣缩食）
Work and Job
work和job都翻译为“工作”，job为可数名词，一般与“职业、职位”有关，或表示某人的“份内事”；work作“工作”讲时是不可数名词，常指具体的“劳动、作业”或“（待做的）工作或事务”等，也可能表示“上班”。
John is looking for a new job.
I’m looking for work as a driver.
I am looking for a new job.
It was his job to repair bicycles.
【Composition】
Frank (not only) (neither) (repaired) (made)his grandson's bicycle, (but)(also)went for a ride on it(as well)(both). He (said)(told)me later:‘I(make)(do)aeroplanes, (and) (but) I prefer bicycles.’
not only / repaired / but /as well / told /make/ but
go for a ride/go for a walk 骑车出去/出去散步
ride a car/bicycle/horse
go for a ride on sth (对自行车只能用 “on” ) 出去骑车
prefer [] vt.更喜欢, 宁愿
【Multiple choice questions】
1 When he was a young man, Frank __d__.
a. owned a small shop b. made spare parts for aeroplanes
c. made spare parts for bicycles d. worked hard and saved his money
(a)(b)选项是作为 “he was a young man” 中的一个部分
3 Frank used to work in a small shop. He ___a___.
a. doesn't anymore b. still does
c. is now d. has never done anything else
not anymore 不再
I will not make the mistake anymore.
4 He used to work fourteen hours a day. He did this ___c___ day.
a. one b. some c. each d. a
every day / each day 每天
one day 有一天 ； some day 某一天 ； a 作为计量单位的一部分
I will beat you some day. 总有一天我会打败你
8 Frank is the ___a___ of a business company.
a. director b. headmaster c. superior d. leader
leader n. 起带头作用的人
headmaster [] n. 校长
director n. 管理公司或单位整个事务的人
Frank is a director of a business company.
superior n. 监理
12 He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife ___c___.
a. went in b. entered in c. entered d. entered into
into 后面一定要加地点
enter 既是及物动词, 也是不及物动词
enter＝go in/come in
go in 与 come in 都可以用enter代替, 但go in(离说话人越来越远) 与 come in(离说话人越来越近) 方向不一样,文中强调的是 “进去” 而非 “进来”
Lesson 32 Shopping made easy
【New words and expressions】（6）
once adv. 曾经，以前
temptation n. 诱惑
article n. 物品，东西
wrap v. 包裹
simply adv. 仅仅
arrest v. 逮捕
★once adj. 曾经, 以前
① once = long long ago 很久以前
② once 一次
I visited my mother once a month. (一次)
③ once 连接从句，表示“一旦”
Once you leave my company, you must return the house.
★temptation n 诱惑
temptation to do sth. ……的诱惑
temptation to steal 偷窃的诱惑
resist the temptation to do sth. 抵抗不了……的诱惑
(resist [] vt. 抵抗, 反抗, 抗, 忍得住)
I can't resist the temptation to laugh.
★article n. 物品, 东西
① n. 文章
This is a good article.
② n. 物品, 东西（强调的是商店里的一个一个的东西, 是可数名词, 单独的东西, 独立的个体）
thing n. 指任何的东西（和article不可相互取代）
cargo [] n. 船货, (车、船、飞机等运输的)货物
goods n. 货物, 商店里的货物的总称
★wrap v. 包裹
wrap sth. up 把……打包
Please wrap them (up) for me. 请替我把他们包好
pack v. 打包（指为了携带, 运输的方便而打包）
I will take/get/have it. Please wrap them for me. / Please pack them for me.
★simply adv. 仅仅
simply = only = just
★arrest v. 逮捕
① vt. 逮捕，扣留
When she was arrested, she refused to say anything.
The criminal was arrested.
（criminal [] n. 罪犯, 犯罪者；adj. 犯罪的, 犯法的, 罪恶的）
② n. 逮捕，扣留
sb. be under arrest 某人被逮捕
Tony is under arrest now.
control/under control 控制/被控制
③ vt. 吸引（注意等）
arrest one's attention 吸引某人的注意
The beauty of the woods arrested the tourists. 树林的美丽景色吸引了游客。
He was arrested by her words. 她的话吸引了他。
【Text】
People are not so honest as they once were. The temptation to steal is greater than ever before--especially in large shops. A detective recently watched a well-dressed woman who always went into a large store on Monday mornings. One Monday, there were fewer people in the shop than usual when the woman came in, so it was easier for the detective to watch her. The woman first bought a few small articles. After a little time, she chose one of the most expensive dresses in the shop and handed it to an assistant who wrapped it up for her as quickly as possible. Then the woman simply took the parcel and walked out of the shop without paying. When she was arrested, the detective found out that the shop assistant was her daughter. The girl 'gave' her mother a free dress once a week !
参考译文
人们不再像以前那样诚实了. 偷窃的诱惑力比以往任何时候都更强烈——特别是在大的商店里. 一名侦探最近注意上了一位穿着讲究的妇女, 她总是在星期一上午进入一家大商场. 有一个星期一, 当这位妇女走进这家商场时, 里面的人比往常少, 因此, 侦探比较容易监视她. 这位妇女先是买了几样小商品. 过了一会几, 她又选了商场里最昂贵的一件衣服, 把它递给了售货员. 那售货员以最快的速度为她包好了衣服. 然后, 那妇女拿过包就走出了商场, 根本没有付钱. 她被逮捕后, 侦探发现原来那售货员是她的女儿. 那姑娘每星期 “送” 她母亲一件免费的衣服!
【课文讲解】
1、shopping made easy
made 为过去分词, 有 “被” 的意思（标题不用句子, 所以标题省略be）
make v. 制造；使……怎么样
make the room clean
make shopping easy =Shopping be made easy.(句子)
2、People are not so honest as they once were.
as…as… 和……一样（as+ adj./adv. +as +比较对象）
This case is as light as that one.
It is as heavy as that one. 这个东西和那个东西一样重
as…as…的否定形式是not so…as…/not as…as…
It is not as heavy as that one. 这个东西不如那个东西重
I am taller than you/you are not as tall as I.
less +原级 +than＝not as…as…=not so…as… 不如……那样……（比较状语从句）
I am not so lucky as those fisherman.
once表示“以前，曾经”时只能与动词的过去式连用：
He once worked at a large company.
3、The temptation to steal is greater than ever before--especially in large shops.
the temptation to steal 偷窃的诱惑力
The temptation to smoke is strong for him. （to smoke为不定式）
要表现现在与过去的比较, 有两种方式 :
① they are 与 they were 或 it is /it was等在用不同时态比
they are 与 they were 在用不同时态比
You are more beautiful than you were. 你比过去漂亮多了
You look better than you were. (省略句 : You look better.)
Is this your car? It was my car. 以前是我的车子。
You were worse. （表示You are better.你过去更差劲, 表示现在比以前更好了）
I think 我想……
I thought 我原以为……
② 用短语than ever before
People are not so honest as before. = People are not so honest as they once were.
4、A detective recently watched a well-dressed woman who always went into a large store on Monday mornings.
watch v. 观察, 监视; 当心(口语中)
watch the enemy
watch sth. 当心
Watch your head! (威胁)
“well+动词的过去分词”组成复合形容词，做定语
well-designed 设计得不错
well-educated 有教养的
5、One Monday, there were fewer people in the shop than usual when the woman came in, so it was easier for the detective to watch her.
as usual 象平常 ；than usual 比平常
so it was easier for the detective to watch her. (句中用“easier”有潜在的比较含义，it 是形式主语，for sb.中的sb.是逻辑主语
It be动词+形容词+for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做什么事……
The teacher bought a lot of dresses to make her more beautiful.
(更漂亮, 不用 “more” 时会让人产生误会，用more是表示对别人的尊重)
out of politeness 出于礼貌 (politeness n. 有礼, 优雅)
6、After a little time, she chose one of the most expensive dresses in the shop and handed it to an assistant who wrapped it up for her as quickly as possible.
after a little time 过了一会儿
hand…to… 递给(比较有权威的人)
handed it to an assistant [] (前一个以 “o” 结尾, 后一个以 “元音” 开头的, 读时需再在它们之间加一个[]音, 又如：my heart go on. [])
pass sth. to sb. 一个一个的传递(更常用)
hand in 上交
wrap sth. up for sb. 为某人打包……
as … as possible 尽可能……
I have sent you as many books as possible.
He went home as soon as possible.
7、When she was arrested, the detective found out that the shop assistant was her daughter.
find out 发现……（后跟的宾语一般是抽象的）
find out the truth 发现真相
find sth. 找到……(sth. 是看得见, 模得着的, 具体的)
I find the pen. (pen是具体的)
8、The girl 'gave' her mother a free dress once a week !
free adj. 免费的
Children under five years old travel free. 5岁以下儿童免费旅行。
fee adj. 交费
fee parking 收费的停车场
“once a +表示时间的名词”可以表示频率：
He comes to the office once a day.
【Key structures】
比较状语从句
比较状语从句含有或暗含有“与……相比”的意思。除了than…或more…than…这种结构外，它还包括as+形容词/副词+as…，not so/as…as…，less…than…等结构。当句子里两个动词相同、时态也一样时，则第二个动词可以省略，比较从句就成了含蓄的从句。如果对比的东西很明显，那么为了避免重复，从句中有些成分、甚至整个从句都省略，因此这类句子往往不完整。
People aren’t so kind as they used to be.
No, they’re becoming less kind. 是的，他们变得不那么友善了。
He is as quick in answering as his sister (is).
He answers as quickly as his sister (does).
He is not so/as quick as his sister.
little和few的用法
little和a little与不可数名词一起使用。little表示否定，有“几乎一点儿也没有”的含义，在口语中常用not much；a little表示肯定，具有some的含义。
He has (very) little hope of winning this race.
=He hasn’t much hope of winning this race.
Have we got any bread?
Yes, there’s a little/some in the fridge.
few和a few与复数可数名词连用。few表示否定，与little相似，在口语中多用not many；a few表示肯定，有some的含义。
They had few guests last weekend.
They didn’t have many guests last weekend.
little的比较级为less，few的比较级为fewer。
During the holiday, there is less noise in the building.
There are fewer travelers than there usually are.
【Special Difficulties】
A and One
不定冠词a通常用于表示不确定的人或事物以及第一次提到的人或事物，a强调的是后面的名词； one强调的是 “一个” 的意思：
It was one apple I ate, not two.
There is a book and a pen on the desk.
不表示强调时，a和one有时可以互换：
She will come home in a/one week’s time.
叙述故事时常将one+表示时间的名词用于句首，而不用a：
One Monday, he went to the office as usual.
【Multiple choice questions】
4 There were fewer people in the shop than usual. There were ___b___.
a. as many as usual b. not as many as usual
c. as few as usual d. more than usual
7 It was one of the most expensive dresses ___a___ the shop.
a. in b. of c. from d. to
most expensive 最高级
① +地点 用in
② +范围表示所有的人或(书)当中, 用of
③ I have ever seen/done/heard. (定语从句) 我所看过的, 做过的, 听过的
8 A detective recently watched a well-dressed woman. He ___d___ her.
a. looked b. looked for c. looked after d. looked at
watch = look at
9 The woman first bought a few small articles. She bought some small ___a___.
a. things b. pieces c. bits d. parts
10 The assistant wrapped it. She ___d___ it.
a. papered b. turned c. enveloped d. made a parcel of
made a parcel of 制作一个包裹
12 The dress was free. It ___c___.
a. was priceless b. was worthless c. cost nothing d. was grateful
priceless [] adj.无价的, 极贵重的
worthless adj. 不值钱的（Something cost money.）
free adj. 免费的 （I pay nothing.）
grateful [] adj.感激的, 感谢的
Lesson 33 Out of the darkness
【New words and expressions】（12）
darkness n. 黑暗
explain v. 解释，叙述
coast n. 海岸
storm n. 暴风雨
towards prep. 向，朝；接近
rock n. 岩石，礁石
shore n. 海岸
light n. 灯光
ahead adv. 在前面
cliff n. 峭壁
struggle v. 挣扎
hospital n. 医院
★darkness n. 黑暗
in the darkness 在黑暗中(在没有光线的情况下)
★explain [] v. 解释, 叙述
explanation [] n. 解释
Could you give me an explanation? 能给我一个解释吗?
interpret [] v. 解释, (强调翻译)语言之间的解释
interpreter [] n. 解释程序，解释者，口译人员，翻译员，讲解员
interpretation [] n. 解释, 阐明, 口译, 通译
interpretress [] n. 女翻译员
★coast n. 海岸（地理意义上的海岸, 海岸线等, 感觉旁边是岩石, 很陡峭
seashore n. 海岸（跟游玩有关系, 为了游玩的）
seaside n. 海边
seashore/ seaside 给人的感觉是旁边是沙滩, 可以进行日光浴的感觉
bank n. 河岸，坝，堤（两边比水面高）
★storm n. 暴风雨 (只解释为“风暴”)
snowstorm n. 暴风雪
thunderstorm [] n. [气]雷暴，雷雨
rain heavily 表示雨下得很大
pour [] v. 灌注, 倾泻, 涌入, 流, 倾盆大雨
The rain is pouring. 倾盆大雨
It's raining cats and dogs. 滂沱大雨
★towards prep. 向, 朝, 接近
towards 强调nearer and nearer（强调越来越近）
★rock n. 岩石, 礁石
rock 表示huge stone （huge[] adj 巨大的, 极大的, 无限的）
★ahead adv. 在前面
a开头的词（asleep，awake，alive，ahead，alight…）往往是表语形容词。不管是作表语形容词，还是副词，都放在名词的后面，一般形容词放在名词的前面
ahead 的用法：
① 放在被修饰词的后面作定语, 定语后置
light ahead 前方的灯光
② ahead of… 在……前面
He went ahead of me. 他走在我前面
③ go ahead 朝前走；请随便(回答请求时用)
--Would you mind my using your telephone? / Can I use your telephone?
--Ok, go ahead.
--Can I smoke here?
--Go ahead. /Sorry +一个原因(可能是事实, 可能是个借口)
★hospital v. 医院
hospital前面是否加the，和它的功能有关系，一旦+the, 只表示地点
go to hospital 看病 ； go to the hospital 去医院（看望病人）
in hospital 住院 ； in the hospital 在医院
【Text】
Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her. One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm. Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea. Then she swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the water. During that time she covered a distance of eight miles. Early next morning, she saw a light ahead. She knew she was near the shore because the light was high up on the cliffs. On arriving at the shore, the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen. That was all she remembered. When she woke up a day later, she found herself in hospital.
参考译文
几乎过了一个星期, 那姑娘才能讲述自己的遭遇. 一天下午, 她乘小船从海岸出发, 遇上了风暴. 天将黑时, 小船撞在了一块礁石上, 姑娘跳进了海里. 她在海里游了整整一夜才游到岸边. 在那段时间里, 她游了8英里. 第二天凌晨, 她看到前方有灯光, 知道自己已经接近岸边了, 因为那灯光是在高高的峭壁上. 到达岸边后, 姑娘朝着她看到的灯光方向挣扎着往峭壁上爬去. 她所记得的就是这些. 第二天她醒来时, 发现自己躺在医院里.
【课文讲解】
1、Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her.
nearly adv. 将近
nearly a week 快一个星期了
“一段时间以后”句型：
sometime later…
Three days later, my mother returned. （强调某人做某事，简单句)
Three days passed and then my mother returned.
并列句, 既强调某人做某事, 又强调时间(有多久)
…passed before…
Three days passed before my mother returned.
强调时间(这么久的时间, 时间状语从句, 后面是从句)
be able to强调有能力, 且能够成功(还强调成功)；can 只表示能力
I can swim across the river. 我能游过这条河（但没有游过，不知道能不能成功）
I was able to swim across the river.
2、One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm.
set out = set off = begin a journey 出发
set out from… 从……出发
be caught in+灾难 （突然）遇到/上（风暴等）
be caught in a earthquake (earthquake [] n. 地震)
I was caught in a rain. 我遇上了一场雨
As soon as he left, it began to rain.
He was caught in a rain when he left. 他刚一离开, 就下雨了
遇上人用meet, 遇上灾难用be caught in…
3、Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea.
towards evening 天越来越晚
strike强调的往往是猛烈的撞击
4、Then she swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the water.
“to”强调朝那个方向去, 但没有强调越来越近；“towards”朝那个方向去，强调距离越来越近
5、During that time she covered a distance of eight miles.
cover可笼统地表示“行过（一段路程）”，根据上下文可具体译为“走过、飞过、游过”等。
The bird covered the distance in three minutes.
a distance of+具体长度 多长的距离，表示具体的距离
the red army covered a distance of 25000… 两万五千里长征
6、Early next morning, she saw a light ahead.
a light ahead 前方的一盏灯（ahead 放在被修饰词的后面）
7、On arriving at the shore, the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen.
“on +动名词”相当于一个由as soon as＝the moment或when引导的时间状语从句，as soon as＝the moment后面要加句子，on 后面一定要加动词ing, 承认动词是由主句主语做的
On reaching the airport, he was arrested by the police.
“…up the cliff towards the…”用两个介词起到动词的作用，up在此处为介词，表示“沿着……往上”
8、That was all she remembered.
all作表语，是先行词, she remember 修饰 all 作定语从句, 省略 that
That was all I wanted to say. 那就是我想说的全部
That was all I can do for you.＝I can do nothing else for you.
9、When she woke up a day later, she found herself in hospital.
find +宾语+宾补 发现……（宾补可以由形容词或介词短语充当）
find the books tidy 发现书摆放得整齐
I found the books in order.
When I woke up, I found myself in bed.
【Key structures】
表示方向和目的地的介词和副词
① 表示“上、下”的两对小品词是on和off，up和down
Jim’s standing on the roof. I hope he won’t fall off.
Tom’s climbing up the tree. I hope he won’t fall down.
② 表示“来、去”的一对小品词是from和to；towards（强调越来越近）的意义和to（强调目标）相近，表示“朝，向，接近”等；for在有些动词后面也表示“往，向”的意思
The ball was coming towards me.
The plane flies from Moscow to New York.
He went for home.
leave for… 动身到某地（强调离开，出发）
Yesterday my father left for Tianjin.
set out for… 动身到某地
He left/ set out for New York yesterday.
head for/to 前往 （强调“去”）
③ 表示“进去，出来”这两种方向的介词为into（进、入）和out of（从...出来）；表示“在某个地方”或“在……里面/外面”可用at（含有一种瞄准的概念，方向性），in，out of等；表示目的地或位置往往用at
aim at，fire at(瞄准开火)，throw at，threw to the bank
Tell him go into my house.
Did you stop anywhere on your way to the office?
去办公室的路上你在别的地方逗留过吗？
④ 表示“穿过，越过，绕过”等动词时，往往用through，across，under，over，round等介词
How did you get through the fence? 你怎么穿过篱笆的？
How did you get over the wall?
【Special difficulties】
Pass and Past
pass和past的区别主要是词义上的区别，pass是动词，其过去式为passed，过去分词是passed或past。当作及物动词用时，可表示“经过，通过（考试），超过”等，作不及物动词用时可表示“（时间等）消逝”。
Your sister passed me in her new car, driving great speed.
I’ve passed/past my French test.
A month has passed/past since I left home.
past可以作形容词、介词、名词等，作形容词时表示“以前的，过去的”等；作介词时表示“经过，超出（范围等）”；作名词时表示“过去，昔时，往事”等。
Frank is proud of his past experience.
I go past the garden.
Can you tell me something about your past?
Next and Other
next表示时间顺序上“紧接的，下一个”，如果以现在为基准，则next前一般不加the；如果以过去或将来的某一时间为基准，则next前面要加the或其他修饰词。
next day 第二天
Mary phoned the next day to tell us that she couldn’t come to the party.
第二天玛丽打来电话告诉我们她不能参加晚会了。
the other day =a few days ago (几天前)，
Mary phoned the other day to tell us that she had arrived in London.
前几天玛丽来电话告诉我们她已到达伦敦。
the other day 出现一定是过去时；next day有可能是过去式, 有可能是将来式
【Multiple choice questions】
4 She swam to the shore ___a___ the night in the water.
a. having spent b. having spending c. when spending d. had spent
只有谓语动词才有时态，句子中如果没有连词, 但有两个动词, 要把其中一个动词变成非谓语动词
从语法上讲 a, c 都对
用“when +doing”句型（when 是连词的标志）时主语要跟主句的相同，谓语动词含有be doing 结构 (两个条件必须满足)
When standing there I found the book very interesting. (省略了I was)
She swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the water.
5 How ___c___ was the shore? Eight miles.
a. away far b. far from c. far away d. long
far from +地点(必须加)
对距离提问：
How far away…? (away可省略)
What's the distance…?
6 That was all she remembered. She couldn't remember ___b___.
a. some more b. anymore c. no more d. none more
not any more = not any longer = not any further 不再
no，none 不会和 more 连用, some不会出现在否定句中
12 That was all she remembered. She couldn't ___c___ very much
a. remind b. memorise c. recollect d. mind
remind v. 提醒 ； memorise [] v. 记住 ；
recollect [] v. 回忆 ； mind v. 介意
Lesson 34 Quick work
【New words and expressions】（2）
station n. （警察）局
most adv. 相当，非常
★station n. (警察)局 (一定是与军方, 警方有关系的)
post office 邮局
police office 警局
I went to the police. 我去警察局
communication bureau 交通局 （bureau [] n. 局）
★most adv. 相当, 非常
① adj. 用于最高级，表示“最……”
This is the most beautiful car I’ve even seen.
② adj. 大多数的，大部分的
Most doctors don’t smoke.
③ adv. 非常，很（相当于very，但通常用于表达主观感情、见解等）
只有加“the”时译为“最”，加“a”或什么也不加时译为“非常，相当”(“very” 的概念)，常与形容词作用的过去分词连用。
a most interesting book 非常有趣的书
I was most surprised when I heard the news. 我非常惊讶
【Text】
Ted Robinson has been worried all the week. Last Tuesday he received a letter from the local police. In the letter he was asked to call at the station. Ted wondered why he was wanted by the police, but he went to the station yesterday and now he is not worried any more. At the station, he was told by a smiling policeman that his bicycle had been found. Five days ago, the policeman told him, the bicycle was picked up in a small village four hundred miles away. It is now being sent to his home by train. Ted was most surprised when he heard the news. He was amused too, because he never expected the bicycle to be found. It was stolen twenty years ago when Ted was a boy of fifteen !
参考译文
丹·鲁宾逊焦虑了整整一个星期. 上星期二他收到当地警察局的一封信, 要他到警察局去一趟. 丹奇怪警察为什么找他, 但昨天还是去了, 结果他不再担心了. 在警察局里, 一位面带笑容的警察告诉他, 他的自行车找到了. 那位警察对他说, 那辆自行车是5天前在400英里外的一个小村里发现的, 现在正用火车给他运回家来. 丹听到这个消息后, 惊奇万分, 但又感到非常好笑, 因为他从未指望那辆自行车还能找到. 这是20年前丹还是一个15岁的孩子时被人偷走的!
【课文讲解】
1、Quick work
quick adj. 动作的快； fast adv. 速度的快； soon adv. 时间快
have a quick meal
quick freeze 速冻
2、Ted Robinson has been worried all the week.
worried adj. 焦虑的，担心的
worry vt. 使担心，发愁
She appears to be worried by/about something. 好象有什么事使她发愁。
3、Last Tuesday he received a letter from the local police.
the local police 当地警察局
local adj. 地方性的，当地的，本地的
local news 当地新闻 ； local color 当地色彩, 地方色彩
local people 当地人 ； local call 市话
native [] n. 土著人；adj. 土生土长的
4、In the letter he was asked to call at the station.
call at (some place) 拜访某地
call on sb. 拜访某人
ask/tell/expect/want/allow/request/order sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事
sb. was told 某人被告知；有人告诉某人
I was told that yesterday you did something wrong.
he was told that/to do (被动) = someone told him that… (主动)
5、Ted wondered why he was wanted by the police, but he went to the station yesterday and now he is not worried any more.
wonder表示“想知道”时后面往往跟疑问词引导的从句
She wondered who that man was/what had happened.
want用于被动语态时可以表示“想与（某人见面、谈话等）”或“缉拿，追捕”
Please wait a minute. I’m wanted on the phone. 请等一下，有我的电话。
This is the man (who is) wanted by the police.
not......any more = no more 不再, 再也不
I don’t talk to you any more. 我不再会对你谈话了
I walked no more. 我不再走了
6、Five days ago, the policeman told him, the bicycle was picked up in a small village four hundred miles away.
pick up （偶然地、意外地）找到、获得、学会
I’ve picked up a bad cold.
I picked up some French while traveling in Paris.
在巴黎游览期间我学了几句法语。
He picked up the book in a small library. 他在一个小图书馆发现了那本书。
five miles away这一类结构可以直接做定语, 放在被修饰词后面
The school is five miles away. 学校在五里外
the school five miles away 五里外的学校
I live in a house which is five miles away. = I live in a house five miles away.
7、It is now being sent to his home by train.
这句语是被动语态用于现在进行时，其结构为“am/is/are +being +过去分词”
The clavichord is being repaired by a friend of my father’s.
home 前一旦加修饰词(如文中的his), 则其为名词
8、Ted was most surprised when he heard the news.
most surprised中的most有very的意思，常与起形容词作用的过去分词连用。
【letter writting】
在地址中我们通常使用缩略形式, 如 : “St.” (Street); “Rd.” (Road); “Sq.” (Square); “Ave.” (Avenue); “Pl.” (Place),而有些词则不用缩略形式, 如 “Lane” 和“Drive”（行车道）
pics.[] pictures； secs.[] seconds
【Special difficulties】
与call有关的短语动词
① call on sb. 拜访，探望
Have you called on George recently?
② call (sb.) up 给某人打电话（美语）
If you want my help, just call up.
③ call at +地点 对（某个人家或地方）进行短暂访问
He calls at every house in the street once a month.
④ call out 大声叫喊
Some people on the bank called out to the man in the boat.
⑤ call off 取消（某项活动）
For some reason, they have called off the party/the meeting.
⑥ call in 召集
Exercise 练习
2 It's too late to go to the pictures. Why don't we call the whole thing ______?
go to the pictures 去看电影
call the whole thing off 取消
【Multiple choice questions】
8 All the police at the station are ___b___ men.
a. topical b. local c. native d. neighbourly
local adj. 当地的； native adj. 自己在这里(祖祖辈辈都在这里)
topical adj. 时事问题的，热门话题的，题目的
neighbourly adj. 邻居的
Lesson 35 Stop thief!
【New words and expressions】
while n. 一段时间
regret v. 后悔
far adv. 非常
rush v. 冲
act v. 行动
straight adv. 径直
fright n. 害怕
battered adj. 撞坏的
shortly adv. 很快，不久
afterwards adv. 以后
★while n. 一段时间
while = some time 一小会儿
wait for a while 等一会儿
after a while 隔了一会儿
★regret v. 后悔
① regret sth. 后悔……
You will regret it. 你会后悔的, 你一定会后悔的
② regret to do sth. 很遗憾要去做……
I regret to tell you a bad news. 我很遗憾要告诉你一个坏消息 (还没说)
③ regret doing sth. 很遗憾已经做了……
I regret telling him the news. 我真后悔告诉他这个消息
I regret to steal your money.
④ regret that +从句 遗憾……
遗憾：pity<n.>、sorry<adj.>、regret<v.>
It's a pity
I am sorry to…
★far adv. 非常
far＝much, 修饰形容词或副词的比较级, 注意most 是修饰形容词或副词的, 而不是比较级
比较级前可以加修饰词，表示程度，多一点点用a little，多很多用much
★rush v. 冲
① vi. 冲，奔
rush vi. (用腿)冲
While I was talking to Frank, a man rushed into the room.
run v. 跑(速度很快)
② vt.&vi. 仓促行事，仓促完成；赶紧做
Roy rushed (through) his lunch and left for the staion.
Tom always rushes his homework on Sunday evenings.
③ n. 猛冲，奔
Roy made a rush at the thieves.
★act v. 行动
Act! (口语) 行动!
take action to do sth. 采取行动
★straight adv. 径直
① adj. 直的，笔直的
He drew a straight line on the paper.
This road isn’t straight.
② adv. 笔直地
go straight on 径直往前走
You’ll see a tower straight ahead. 你会看到正前方有个塔。
③ adv. 径直地，直接地
John always goes straight home after work.
Roy drove the bus straight at the thieves.
★fright n. 害怕
get a fright 得到惊吓的感觉（类似get a surprise）
You give me a fright. 你吓了我一跳
give sb. sth. 给人带来感觉
give me a pleasure/an excitement/a fright
frighten [] vt. 使惊吓；vi. 惊恐
You frighten me.
This doesn't worry me.
frightening adj. 令人感到可怕的； frightened adj. 自己感到可怕的
一个动词能够加ing/ed, 证明这个动词跟人的情感有关, 他的宾语就会是人
frightful＝terrible adj. 可怕
Your handwriting is frightful. 你的字真糟糕
Cold is frightful. 寒冷是可怕的
★battered adj. 撞坏的
battered (lose one's shape) 被撞变形的
battered bag 破旧不堪的包（battered与软的东西连用时，表示用旧了，破旧不堪的）
batter [] n. 击球手；v. 打坏, 猛击
damaged adj. 被刮坏的
destroyed car车子被损害不能修 ； damaged car 车子坏了，但能修 ；battered car 车变形
★afterwards adv. 以后
shortly afterwards ＝soon 不久以后
shortly＝soon； afterwards＝later 后来, 以后
【Text】
Rov Trenton used to drive a taxi. A short while ago, however, he became a bus driver and he was not regretted it. He is finding his new work far more exciting. When he was driving along Catford Street recently, he saw two thieves rush out of a shop and run towards a waiting car. One of them was carrying a bag full of money. Roy acted quickly and drove the bus straight at the thieves. The one with the money got such a fright that he dropped the bag. As the thieves were trying to get away in their car, Roy drove his bus into the back of it. While the battered car was moving away, Roy stopped his bus and telephoned the police. The thieves' car was badly damaged and easy to recognize. Shortly afterwards, the police stopped the car and both men were arrested.
参考译文
罗伊·特雷顿原是开出租汽车的, 然而就在前不久, 他开上了公共汽车, 也并不为此而感到后悔. 他发觉自己的新工作令人兴奋得多. 最近, 当他正开车在凯特福德街上行驶时, 看到有两个小偷从一家商店里冲出来, 奔向等在那里的一辆汽车, 其中一个提着一只装满钞票的提包. 罗伊行动迅速, 开车直冲窃贼而去. 拿钱的那个小偷吓得把提包都扔了. 当那两个小偷企图乘车逃跑时, 罗伊驾驶他的公共汽车撞在了那辆车的后尾上. 当那辆被撞坏的车开走后, 罗伊停下车, 给警察挂了电话. 小偷的车损坏严重, 很容易辨认. 没过多久, 警察就截住了那辆车, 两个小偷都被抓住了.
【课文讲解】
1、A short while ago, however, he became a bus driver and he was not regretted it.
a short while ago＝a short time ago 不久以前
while作名词表示“一会儿，（一段）时间”时常与a连用，有时也与the，this等连用：
They haven’t seen each other for a long while.
Have you been in Australia all this while?
I saw her a short while ago.
however可以放句首, 可以放句中；如果一个词两边有逗号，证明这个词是插入语
2、He is finding his new work far more exciting.
find 可以用一般现在时态, 可以用进行时态
He is finding his trip very exciting.
far more exciting 更有趣（在形容词和副词的比较级与最高级前面，可以用far（相当much）来表示强调，译为“很，大大的”）
It’s far/much colder today than it was yesterday.
This is (by) far the most expensive bicycle in the shop.
3、When he was driving along Catford Street recently, he saw two thieves rush out of a shop and run towards a waiting car.
see和一些感知动词（如smell, feel, hear, watch, notice等）可以用在动词+名词/代词宾语+不带to的不定式结构（省略to）中，如果全过程用do，过程中的一瞬间用doing：
see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事(强调全过程)
I see them dance. (看了全过程)
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事
I see them dancing . (只看了一部分)
hear sb doing sth.，hear sb. do sth.
4、The one with the money got such a fright that he dropped the bag.
with 一旦出现在名词或代词后就做定语, 出现在动词之后做状语
He came in with a book. (作状语)
The boy with a book came in. (作定语)
get a fright 吓了一跳
so+形容词(副词)+that…/such+(修饰词或形容词)+名词+that… 如此……以致……
一旦有名词, 就认为形容词修饰的是名词, 前面的词也修饰的是名词
drop vt. 由于抓什么没抓住不小心掉下去 （sb. drop sth.）
I drop the chalk.
fall vi. 从上往下落 （sth. fall）
drop the money / the money fall
The chalk is falling.
5、As the thieves were trying to get away in their car, Roy drove his bus into the back of it.
as = when 当……时候
get away ＝ run away 逃跑
How did the thief get away?
by car /in the car 开车
drive into… 撞上……
6、While the battered car was moving away, Roy stopped his bus and telephoned the police.
stopped his car，the car stopped（与当时说话时的视觉概念有关，一个是人为停，一个是自己停下来）
7、The thieves' car was badly damaged and easy to recognize.
…and easy to recognize = and the car was easy to recognize (用主动表被动含义)
如果一个不定式的前面是一个形容词, 如果主句的结局是“系表结构+to”，不定式当中常用主动表被动, 在不定式的表达方式当中, 动词的宾语如果刚好是这句话的主语, 这个宾语一定不能出现
The apple is sweet enough to eat.
The apple is too sour to eat. (sour [] adj. 酸的)
The question is easy enough to answer.
The boy is enough clever to answer the question.
这个小孩足够聪明以至于能回答这个问题。 （the question不是主语故一定要出现）
文中 “…easy to recognize(car)” 因car是主语, 所以不能出现
在不定式当中, 也许有可能用主动表达被动含义, 及物动词后面一般加宾语(这个宾语就是这句话的主语就不加), 又如：The clothes are too comfortable to ware.
8、Shortly afterwards, the police stopped the car and both men were arrested.
shortly afterwards 没过多久
both men ＝ two persons
stop the car 拦住车子（the driver stop the car；其他人stopped the car）
stop thief 捉賊
【Special difficulties】
So and Such
such和so都可以用于表示程度，但so只能作副词和连词，such则是形容词，因此so通常位于形容词、副词之前，而such只能位于名词之前：
I’ve never read so interesting a book.
I’ve never read such an interesting book.
引导结果状语从句时，它们的结构分别是：
so +形容词(副词) +that…/ such +(a, an修饰词或形容词)+名词+that… 如此……以至于……
一旦有名词, 就认为形容词修饰的是名词, 前面的词也修饰的是名词，如果名词是可数名词单数才要加a和an, 反过来如果是可数名词单数, 前面一定要加a或an
It was so cold that no one went out.
such除了表示“这样的，如此的”等意思外，还可以表示“像这一类的”，so不能表示这种意思。
He often talks about such things.
You should not speak to such people.
如果形容词是表示数量的(many, much, little, few), 一律用so
There is so little time left that we must hurry.
There is such a little(小) bird that I can't see it.
(little不会和可数名词连用，如连用不会译成“数量少”，而应译为“小”)
He is so lazy a boy./ He is such a lazy boy.
如果有几个以上的形容词共同修饰一个名词的时候, 冠词放在第一位, 这句话中冠词不放在第一位, 说明 “a” 与 “boy” 有关系, “lazy” 从意思上与 “boy” 有关系, 但从强调点上与 “boy” 没关系, 它的强调点在 “lazy” 上
【Multiple choice questions】
1 Roy Trenton ___a___.
a. prefers driving a bus to driving a taxi
b. prefers driving a taxi to driving a bus
c. is sorry he isn't a taxi driver
d. is glad he didn't change his job
prefer…to… 更喜欢这个东西(和后面的东西比), 宁可也不
I prefer tea to water.
prefer+名词+to<prep.>+名词(如为动词则+ing)
I prefer drinking tea to drinking water.
prefer to(不定式的标志)+动词原形…rather than… 比起……更喜欢……
He prefers to drive bus rather than drive a taxi.
I prefer to have an apple rather than have an orange.
3 Roy Trenton used to drive a taxi. This means he ___a___ a taxi.
a. has stopped driving b. is used to driving
c. got used to driving d. still drives
used to do 过去常常做现在不做了（to为介词）
The boy used to swim in the river. 那男孩过去在河里游泳
be used to doing sth. = get used to doing sth. 习惯于……
I am(not) used to getting up early. 我习惯起早
The boy is used to swimming in the river. 那男孩习惯在河里游泳
be used to do sth. 被用来
The knife is used to cut the paper. 刀被用来切纸
4 He noticed two thieves ___d___ out of a shop.
a. to come b. are coming c. in coming d. come
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事； see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事
notice sb. doing sth. ； notice sb. do sth.
watch sb. doing sth. ； watch sb. do sth.
b. are coming没有主从一致, 应为was coming 就对
7 The car was easy to recognize, so it wasn't ___d___ difficult for the police to catch the thieves.
a. much b. very c. many d. too
too…to… 太……以至于不能……
enough…to… 足以用来做某事
many 应加+名词 ； much, very 一般不会与 to 连用
8 He hasn't regretted it. He ___a___ it.
a. isn't sorry about b. doesn't pity
c. isn't pleased with d. doesn't laugh about
be sorry about sth. 为……感到遗憾(抱歉)
be pleasued with sth. 对……感到满意
laugh at 嘲笑； laugh about sth. 为……原因而笑
b. pity 不对是由于词性不对，pity是形容词
11 The thief dropped the bag. He ___d___.
a. let it b. left it c. fell it d. let it fall
let sb. do sth. 让某人做某事（听之任之）
My father lets me play football. (听之任之, 随他去)
make sb. do sth. 让某人做某事（有强迫的意思）
My father makes me play football. (强迫)
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